Dramatic action, genres and styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dramatic action, genres and styles - Essay Example Lewis is more interested in the experiences people had with guns more than she is about political attitude people show towards them. The set is moderate just a work area, a light, and a seat enhance the stage. A couple of picture casings are taken out of a cardboard box every now and then, and an upstage entryway is marginally aired out, giving a fragment of light. That ever-so-slight light from the entryway is unpleasant and feels typical of discovering light toward the end of a dull passage. Maybe that is the proposition: to infer trust for Lewis that she may inevitably be free from her individual story of enthusiasm and melancholy. On the other hand maybe it holds a more noteworthy centrality: to recommend that despite the fact that the voices of those on the far left and far right of weapon control laws are the voices that are frequently noted, the individuals who are in the middle of the lions share may can some way or another be heard and arrangements can be found. Villa unmistakably presents Lewis words, â€Å"We have a problem with guns in America.† The issue is we ridiculously like them." Like the m, abhor them, or feel some place in the middle of, weapon control is an issue that has more than one side. With a second demonstration that permits the gathering of people to impart their musings and stories, this show is encouraging a quite required dialog. During the climax of the play, Lewis does reveal how it is a fascinating and frequently excruciating adventure through gun culture — an anodyne expression that covers the numerous shades of subtlety in how Americans feel about firearms. The vicinity of Lewis herself and our dawning acknowledgment of exactly how difficult some of these stories will be, joined with Villas pliable (yet frequently funny) persona as the course for one ladys existence with weapons includes a passionate measurement that I think wouldnt be there without both of

Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a Series of Stages Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a Series of Stages Essay Cognitive development can be defined as the growth of our knowledge in understanding the world around us. This growth can be developed gradually, in other words, it is seen as a continuous process by collecting more information. Another way of developing cognitively is through a series of stages which involves some sort of revolution from one period to another in one’s lifetime. Jean Piaget, a cognitive developmentalist believed that humans go through a series of stages in life in order to reach their full cognitive ability. In this essay, we would briefly talk about Piaget’s Stage Theory and its criticisms. Piaget divided his theory into four different stages of development. The first one is known as the sensorimotor stage which is applied to infants for approximately the first two years of their lives. At this stage, infants discover the world mainly by their senses and actions. One of the main concepts Piaget penned is object permanence. This is the knowledge of the existence of objects even when we cannot directly sense it. Piaget suggested that babies lack this concept through his study; A not B task. In this study, the experimenter hides a toy under Box A then the baby would search for it under Box A. This procedure was repeated and eventually in front of the baby, the experimenter hid the toy under Box B. The baby searched for it under Box A instead of B even though they saw the experimenter hid it under Box B. Therefore, this study shows that the baby lacked the concept of object permanence. They are known to be in a state of solipsism, also known as the failure to differentiate between themselves and the surroundings. Based on observation conducted on his own children (1952), Piaget divided this stage into six different sub stages. However, Piaget’s claims on object permanence have been criticized. Baillargeon et al. (1985) found in their research that infants as young as three-and-a-half months have developed the ability of object permanence. This was backed up by Bower Wishart (1972) whereby they discovered that even after the lights were switched off, the babies continued to search for the object shown. Hence, they do possess the ability of object permanence. The second stage is the preoperational stage which occurs when the child is aged 2 to 7. On this stage, the child solves problems by using symbols and develops the skill for languages. According to Piaget, the child is egocentric which means he sees the world from his standpoint but not others. The solution to this is to apply operational intelligence. The process of solving problems by using logic. Another concept which Piaget is concerned with is conservation. It is the understanding that any quantity remains the same even if physical changes is made to the objects holding the medium. In addition to these concepts, centration, also defined as the focus on a single aspect of a problem at a time. Piaget states that at this stage, the child fails to decenter. Conversely, Borke and Hughes (1975) found contradicting evidence against Piaget’s on his study of the three mountains task. They used the same elements of the task and discovered that children had no problem with identifying the perspectives of the others when the task is shown in a meaningful context. Hence, from the result obtained, Hughes found that the children did not display any characteristics of being egocentric. Furthermore, Gelman (1979) found in his study that four year olds altered their explanations of things to get their message across clearer to a blindfolded listener. If Piaget’s concept of egocentrism was correct then, this shouldn’t have happened. In addition, Flavell suggested an alternative to this issue by coining the Level 1 and Level 2 perspective-taking abilities. In Level 1, one thinks about viewing objects but not the different perspectives that can be seen of the objects while in Level 2, one is able to imagine the views of the objects from different angles. Flavell concluded that it is not compulsory that children think others share the same perspective as themselves but they do struggle to imagine what others can see. Therefore, this shows that Piaget’s claim on egocentrism could be correct or wrong. Moreover, in Donaldson’s Children’s Minds (1978), she argued that children misunderstood the questions which Piaget asked while conducting the studies. This was the reason why Piaget obtained the results in his studies involving the concept of conservation especially. Donaldson stated that Piaget’s tasks had no meaningful context for the children to understand, hence they answered what they thought the experimenter expected of them. This claim was supported by Rose Blank (1974) where they found children often succeeded in the conservation task. Further research was done by Samuel Bryant (1978) who used conservation of number, liquid quantity and substance and obtained similar conclusion with Rose Blank’s. Donaldson also stated that children were unintentionally forced to produce the wrong answer against their own logical judgment. One of the explanations is that the same question was asked repeatedly before and after transformations presented to them and this in turn caused the children to believe that their original answer was wrong. Thus, the idea of children assuming the fact that reality changes according to appearance could be incorrect. In addition, Piaget may have underestimated a child’s cognitive ability because based on Mitchell Robinson’s (1992) study; they demonstrated that children from the age of 4 could locate the correct answer to a solution by canceling out the alternatives. This process is also known as inference by elimination. The children were presented with a set of cartoon characters, three of which were well-known. They were asked to identify a superhero which was unknown. The researchers discovered that majority of the children selected the unknown character without doubt. Another example of a child’s ability is their capability with syllogisms which consists of logical problems accompanied by a general rule that enables people to create a statement. Dias and Harris (1990) stated a general rule that all fish live in trees and Tiddles is a fish, then it is logical to assume that Tiddles live in trees. After presenting this to the children, they insisted that Tiddles lives in the water instead. However, after the experimenters presented them with another rule, they were ready to use the rule to make inferences. Therefore, these evidences show that Piaget may have underestimated the abilities of younger children. Subsequently is the stage of concrete operation which happens to children around the age of 7 to 12. Now the child is able to solve their problems in a logical manner but the problem has to be either real or concrete. The final stage; formal operations which takes place when the child turns 12 and continue into their adulthood. In this stage, one would be able to solve problems systematically and logically even if the problem is a hypothetical situation. Wason and Johnson-Laird showed that most intelligent adults do not fulfill Piaget’s ideal cognitively developed person through selection task. This claim is proved in Cheng and Holyoak’s (1985) study where the results strongly show that majority of the participants does not display the reasoning of an adult in the stage of formal operations. In other words, this experiment is a clear indication that the formal operations stage does not exist. One of the critics of Piaget’s Stage Theory in general is John Flavell (1982) who claimed that Piaget did not define the cognitive processes clearly. Furthermore, Braine and Rumain (1983) who conducted an analysis on the contents and the structure of the theory found that Piaget’s theory could be flawed. These are only the few critics of Piaget’s Stage Theory. Thus, the theory is constantly being questioned due to its impact in the field of cognitive psychology. After stating the basic facts of the theory as well as giving some examples of the critics of Piaget’s concepts and ideas, we are now able to get an overview of the debate. Overall, there are evidences which propose some of the concepts to be reviewed again and maybe even rejected. However, from the researches conducted on Piaget’s theory as well as the impact of it, alternative theories were penned down. For example, Vygotsky’s theory which takes on a more social based view of describing the cognitive development. In conclusion, Piaget’s theory have been applied in various institutions especially education but it is also being criticized by many in the field, therefore, it is only fair to conclude that Piaget’s theory may need to be modified in order to create a more accurate theory to explain the way we understand the world.

History Of The Nigerian Mass Media Media Essay

History Of The Nigerian Mass Media Media Essay The emerging trend in Nigerias broadcast industry after the doors were thrown open for private participation has been a success story. The Nigerian nation, contrary to initial governments apprehensions, has not collapsed. There has not been any case of the use of the private stations to foment trouble nor subvert the country. Rather, what Nigerians seemed to have witnessed is the opportunity to choose. Competition in broadcast programming brought about by private stations has created some vitality and vibrancy in the broadcast sector such that even many government owned stations that were almost sinking in boring and monotonous monologues of what the government said and so on have been forced to abandon their slumber. It has been a tremendous advantage for the Nigerian airways for the deregulation of its airways. The governments fears became unfounded with the exemplary courage of General Ibrahim Babaginda (administration) who on August 24, 1992, threw open the gates to allow private individuals and groups the opportunity to own, control and operate broadcast stations. However, for a long time, government held on to its exclusive monopoly of the broadcast media because it felt it could not trust the professional discretion of private individuals to protect public interests or safeguard the nations security. It would be recalled that successive military adventurists found it a convenient strategy to execute their coups on the airwaves of the nations broadcast media. The government probably felt the nation was not ripe for private ownership of broadcast stations. Meanwhile, decades later the former governments realized they have been wrong because the deregulation expanded the industry and improved the efficiency and effectiveness of broadcast stations in the country. Deregulation in Nigeria has not only helped the country but boost the freedom of expression and also promote the quality of broadcasting in Nigeria. Furthermore, they have also stimulated social and economic growth and development in the country. In fact, if not for anything, it has provided more employment opportunities for Nigerians and a medium for advertisers and advertising practitioners. With the coming of private television stations, the face of television broadcast in Nigeria has been changed permanently for good. For one, it has raised the stake in the industry, as stations, both public and private, now competition is getting keener by the day. Today, viewers have more stations to choose from, unlike in the past when NTA and state stations held sway. This has translated to more programmes. One of the fallouts of broadcast deregulation is the upsurge in the thriving activities of independent producers. Because of the options and latitude provided by a deregulated broadcast market, independent producers, most of who had been frustrated out of civil service media stations have new opportunities to showcase their talents. Besides, the employment market in the broadcast sector, in the wake of deregulation, offered better prospects as employers lured the few available talents with better remunerations. Poaching soon became the order of the day as most government stations that failed to appreciate the worth of their on-air talents and other professionals in the news, programmes, and engineering directorates lost them to the upcoming outfits. In addition to the benefit of deregulation in Nigeria, the ownership of broadcast media stations by individuals craves way for true democracy. It is fact that a government owned broadcast station would not want to broadcast anything that would jeopardize or tarnish the image of the government. Hence, workers in such media house would find it difficult to broadcast unscrupulous stories of the government because of the fear of losing his job. However, the presence of private media houses gives room for easy publication of governments unscrupulous stories. The purpose of mass communication as a watch-dog for the masses becomes effective in this aspect because a case study of Nigeria reveals that a private media house will not hesitate to broadcast any news story that would or not tarnish the image of the government. This they would do more than a government owned station. Furthermore, it is conspicuous that deregulating the airways as been one of the strategic decisions the Nigerian government has taken. Another advantage of the deregulation of the airways is the act of broadcast on-line. The private media houses in Nigeria facilitate the growth and increase of web-casting. In Nigeria today, almost all private media houses have their programmes broadcast on-line through web-casting. All these advantages of deregulation of the airways in Nigeria have contributed immensely in improving the economy of the country. It has improved the economy because so many individuals have set up so many media houses which have also increased the numbers of the employed especially those who had gone to school to study in the specified field of mass communication and journalism. Moreover, as the standard of the industry improves, it makes the industry to be capable of competing with other countries industries. Also, another advantage which a broadcast station has is the capability of educating its listeners. Deregulation in Nigeria which gives room for the rush in of more media houses make viewers have choices of been educated. It increases the ability of media houses to make its audience educated and conscious of where they live in. Advertisement on broadcast stations also create awareness to the masses, so many broadcast stations even when individuals owned stations have dominated the airways advertise lots of products and services. Most importantly, it serves as a medium where manufacturers or entrepreneurs reveal their products or services to the people. Also, it serves as a medium the audience gets to know about new products and new development. Finally, based on the emphasis of the relevance and necessities of the deregulation of the Nigerian airways, it is a fact that the deregulation of the airways was necessary and has benefited the country tremendously. There is also a bright prospect ahead of the industry even as these individuals who keep on thronging into the industry keep on imbibing fresh and well innovating ideas which would improve it to its peak of standard. So therefore, indeed the sky is a stepping stone for the industry.

Essay --

We are all familiar with hospitals. Depending on our condition we see many different doctors and nurses. Manny patients think their primary care giver is their doctor, however they are wrong. The primary caregiver is their nurse working every hour, the nurse is checking their vitals, and assessing their condition. Now let’s go to a patient in critical condition. Andrew, a thirty-three year old man who had been badly burned, and lost his leg to the trauma. Andrew was in such pain his attending nurse gave him the max and the nurse was very worried of respiratory collapse. Andrew spent eight weeks in the critical care department, but said he would not have survived it without his attending nurse Ellen. The patient is taken care of, but the patient doesn’t know how the nurse is doing, who is providing their care. That patient doesn’t know if he or she feels overworked or if he or she has had a break in the last twelve hours. The patient probably doesn’t know that the critical care nurse is taking care of seven other patients. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing, â€Å"critical care nursing is that specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to life-threatening problems. A critical care nurse is a licensed professional nurse who is responsible for ensuring that acutely and critically ill patients and their families receive optimal care.† (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2010) In summary critical nursing is a daunting task one where one individual would be overworked and trying to be in too many places at once. In addition nurses are feeling an even extra strain because hospitals’ intensive care units are understaffed. Now, this is not an extreme situation, however is a direct iss... ...ge, this is a vicious circle. A circle that needs to be broken by the administrations to provide better care for our nurses which will result in better care of patients. Ultimately something needs to be done to better protect the rights of individual nurses bringing the shortage and patient deaths down. As stated early, nurses are primary caregivers in hospitals. Nursing will never be an easy profession, but it is an admirable one. Nurses aren’t nurses because they receive worthy pay or have decent schedules. Nurses are the ultimate care givers because they are compassionate and have a passion for helping others. Unfortunately, the lack of respect and shortage makes it difficult for nurses to truly see the gift they are giving their patients. In summary it is all about finding solutions to better our healthcare organizations who can better the lives of all nurses.

Love of country? Essay

Frederick Douglass’s speech â€Å"If I Had A Country, I Should Be A Patriot† delivers a blasting reproach on the discrimination of the African American and why he feels indignant about his country and being unwilling to call himself a patriot. Similar to Langston Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† , both employ a chord informative structure and a canting tone simple enough for the audience to incite a reaction from the audience to plead for freedom in America. Both authors though in different times face the challenges of racism and being an African American in the â€Å"Republic† of America. Douglass explains that even under natural rights there is no spot sacred in America that can secure his right of liberty. He orates â€Å"This is your land of the free†, your â€Å"home of the brave† to symbolize the ambivalence and optimism for freedom being an African American in America at that juncture and that America must be envisioned as the sentimental identity of the African American slave. â€Å"I never knew what freedom was till I got beyond the limits of the American eagle†. Douglass tries to explain that the idea of being a patriot in America differs from the reality currently going on in his time persuading his listeners to acknowledge the humanity in dehumanizing the institution of slavery. In Langston Hughes’s poem his first stanza details how he is treated unequally. â€Å"I am the darker brother; they send me to eat in the kitchen, when company comes but I laugh and eat well and grow strong.† He demonstrates that the nation he considers himself to belong under the constitution does not treat him as a superior but an inferior. The sentiment of this quote internally depicts that he feels equal to the other race. Unlike Douglass who is encouraging the people to realize their rights, Hughes is waiting for the opportune moment to rebel. The last four lines of Hughes’s poem â€Å"Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed – I, too, am America† corresponds with Douglass’s insight of hope and using inequality to unmask inequality in America and orating that his race integral to the very existence of America. Hughes orates that he will endure the racial despair with hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. Douglass and Hughes are judging that there’s no greater danger to the advancement of the African American than the country and its spirit of alienation. This will always steer up to a revolution in a country. America should be a land true to natural love of liberty and its moral humanity and guide its united people to a moral progress. They found a reason to love and identify with this country despite injustices their people had suffered continued to suffer in their days as they waited for the alternate solution.

Intercultural communication issue Essay

Intercultural Communication Issue: Electronic Mail Meanings reside in people, not in words (Littlejohn, 2001, 39). This basic precept of language can be deemed a positive axiom for successful communication. Whenever possible, both parties should seek a common code and/or attempt to understand cultural differences in coding systems. Admittedly, it is difficult to arrive at a common code if a person and his communication partner speak different languages. The English language contains countless subcodes. Even nonverbal cues shift from culture to culture. Much like in the case of this electronic message sent by a hypothetical boss to a representative of a department flocked with Hongkong-based Chinese nationals: â€Å"I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It’s high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I’m pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America. † The statement above is a blend of American vernacular and idiomatic expression. It appears to be a simple salutatory message that turns embedded in unnecessary verbosity. This communication style takes risks in seeking suitable interpretation on the part of the message recipients. The words or phrases ASAP, across the sea, punch, and sell for Americans are easy to understand and can even cause no outstanding remarks from them. But to use these words in a message meant for relatively new employees with a relatively different linguistic background, startling and even violent reactions might be elicited. In fairness to Hongkongers, they are officially bilingual between Chinese and English. After the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People’s Republic of China in 1997, both Chinese and English remained the official language of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. English is the major working language in Hong Kong, and is widely used in commercial activities and legal matters (Flores, et al. , 1991, 246). However, this gift of bilingualism may likewise yield confusion, as British idioms are different from Americans’. Moreover, code-switching between Cantonese and English may not help them fathom best the message above. Some purist scholars consider Cantonese speakers who incorporate too much English are even dubbed language-handicapped (Flores, et al. , 1991, 245). And because the message was delivered through a virtual channel, the importance of nonverbal aspect of the communication is overlooked. This could have done the job of exhibiting the context most especially should the weight of the message comes to such portions as punch or sell you. The boss should have noted that communication is defined more by behavior than the communication event itself (Kale and Luke, 1991, 7). Nonverbal behaviors also shift from culture to culture and bilingualism may provide little help if the communicators had not developed code sensitivity toward the culture-specific message systems. With simplicity, neutrality and cordiality in mind, Hence, the message to be conveyed to the migrant employees should more or less look like this: â€Å"Good day! We welcome you once again to Will and Hung Company! May you find your new home over here in the United States as we are as earnest to make this company a place for you to work with satisfaction. † From this takes off a working atmosphere that encourages these new people to feed back in order for them to adjust their behavior to the relatively new environment. The boss must indeed shake their hands in person because it is indeed high time to use nonverbal actions as a way of inspiring them to respond to him in all honesty. He must think for a moment of all the positive attitudes and images he associates with smiling, head nodding, leaning forward, and laughing. ough these behaviors seem very Western, they often produce positive reactions in other cultures. Furthermore, interesting research findings suggest that communication changes encroach on how people relate to one another in organizations. Computer-mediated communications differ from face-to-face and telephone interactions in three important respects: there is a greater sense of anonymity; there is creation of new groups; and there is also susceptibility to computer addiction (Sullivan, 2003). Many executives become less social and less available for face-to-face conversations (Braun, 2002). Adjustment efforts must also manifest on the part of the host culture. Because much of the world speaks English, many of Americans have a tendency to assume we need not learn a foreign language. The very fact that others have made an attempt to learn our language should motivate us to reciprocate. There is more to language than vocabulary, syntax, and dialects. Language is more than a vehicle of communication; it teaches one a culture’s lifestyle, ways of thinking, and different patterns of interacting. References Braun, Patrice. (2002). â€Å"Digital Knowledge Networks: Linking Communities of Practice with Innovation.† Journal of Business Strategies. Flores, B. , Cousin, P. T. & Diaz, E. (1991). Transforming Deficit Myths About Learning, Language, And Culture. Language Arts (pp. 245-246). Littlejohn, Stephen W. (2001). â€Å"Theories of Signs and Language. † Theories of Human Communication (p. 39). Wadsworth Publishing. Kale, J. & Luke, A. (1991). Doing Things With Words: Early Language Socialization. The Literacy Agenda: Issues for the Nineties (p. 7). Victoria: Eleanor Curtain. Sullivan, Daniel. (2003). â€Å"International Business: An Emerging Vision. † Journal of International Business Studies.

Douglass Method of Persuasion My Bondage and My Freedom essays

Douglass' Method of Persuasion My Bondage and My Freedom essays My Bondage and My Freedom is widely considered to be one of the most historically influential documents produced in the midst of the abolitionist movement. Written by a former slave, the memoir served as a moving argument against the inhuman institution of slavery in American history. Interestingly, however, although Douglass was an incredibly educated man, he did not resort to arguments of reason or philosophy in the work in an attempt to illustrate the immorality of slavery. Instead, perhaps because of his education and natural intelligence, coupled with a keen awareness of public (white) sensibility, he refrained from attacking those responsible for using slaves, as well as those responsible for supporting the institution, itself. Instead, recognizing the limitations of his time and dominant social culture, he used the device of emotion to convey the brutality to the sympathetic side of his reader's psyches. The genre of the "slave memoir" was hardly a novel form during the years of the abolitionist movement. Indeed, several accounts exist of the experiences of emancipated or escaped slaves. However, during that time, although such accounts did gain popular readership, and even greater readership within anti-slave circles, the accounts were often regarded with some amount of suspicion. Indeed, many charged that the stories coming from the pens (or oral accounts) of former slaves were either negatively skewed or fabricated, or were outright fictional propaganda, forged by white abolitionists with political (as well as economic) motives. However, in spite of this fact, many educated former slaves were thrown into a quandary when they considered their options for communicating their heartfelt opinions about the brutality of slaveryfor even in the North, dominant white culture was not ready for "attacks" literal or literary against the white...

Hacking essays

Hacking essays Explain the ways in which hacking is an offence under the UK Computer Misuse Act (1990). Illustrate your answers with examples and cases from the news or text books. Definition of Hacker: Someone who uses computer skills to gain unauthorized access to computer systems, or A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. A hacker is a particularly talented, dedicated programmer; hackers top the list of cyber criminals. The main reason that hacker hack is that they wish to make money out of the data they steal. If a hacker steals top secret government data then he/she has a very good chance of making millions. Other reasons are that some hackers just hack for pure enjoyment; their main objective is to cause as much chaos as possible of companies and organizations. Some hackers believe that they are of an elite people and that they are invincible when it comes to programming and hacking. The International Chamber of Commerces Commercial Crime Service (CCS) reported that the biggest cyber crime was general hacking. This is hacking for no financial gain, just pure vandalism and show. The second cyber crime is hacking for financial gain. Those who hack to steal money, commit fraud, or simply blackmail. [1] The belief of the public is that people become hackers because they wish to destroy other peoples computers and the data stored on them. Hackers claim that they hack because they wish for the free flow of information and that is not provided to them through legal means. The other main type of hackers is those who hack into companies and governments for the pride of being able to say they did it. These people will often be very adapt hackers who break into computers and servers, leave some sort of mark saying that they were there, and then leave without damaging anything on the system. This group of hackers gets their thrills from...

Hydraulic Fracturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hydraulic Fracturing - Essay Example Apart from that, the chemicals also prevent corrosion of tools being used, control pH and kill bacteria. Propponants, on the other hand, include frac sand and bauxite and they are usually useful in preventing opened fractures from collapsing (King). Generally, the process has been hailed as a great advancement in the energy sector since it has made it possible for oil and natural gas reserves that in the past were difficult to reach be easily tapped..While some section of people heap praises on the process, another section is quick to point out the risks and hazards that the process posses to the environment and human health (Hassett and Mathar). This paper seeks to support the opinion that the benefits of the process outweigh the risks. Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing After participating in the class debate and carrying out further research, I am of the opinion that the economic benefits derived from the hydraulic fracturing process outweigh the risks and hazards associated with it . Firstly; the process has lead to increased production of oil and natural gas and thereby increasing employment opportunities in the energy sector. ... Apart from that, increased production of natural gas and oil has resulted to a decrease in the prices of the same enabling energy to be cheaply accessed (American Forum). In addition to that, increased production of natural gas means increased usage of clean energy. It is important to note that natural gas usage reduces the production of greenhouse gasses as it is pollutant free. As more natural gas is produced, electricity plants that previously used coal are starting to embrace natural gas since it is cheaper thus ensuring a cleaner environment because natural gas does not emit pollutants (Hassett and Mathar). Increased usage of natural gas will come as a relief to all stakeholders in the mitigation of climate change (American Forum). Concerns raised about Hydraulic Fracturing During the debate, several concerns about the environmental impact of the process were raised, it was argued that the resulting fractures after the process might rub up to the shallow rocks that hold water us ed for human consumption thereby contaminating it. In addition to that, it was stated that in case the wall’s casing failed, the fluids used in the process would come in contact with underground water and contaminate the supply of domestic water. The fluids also risked spilling over the surface thus contaminating surface water (King). This Contaminated water posses a huge threat to the health of people and animals that may consume it since most companies using the process never reveal the chemicals used in it (Hasset and Mathur). The opposition thus strongly insisted that hydraulic fracturing process should be eliminated. More negatives impacts of the process such as the

French Language and Culture from 1500 to1900 Assignment

French Language and Culture from 1500 to1900 - Assignment Example America was regarded as a land of wonder, romance, gold, and adventure. The new country unveiled the secrets of the barbarous continent, but the Frenchmen pierced the forests, mapped and traced out streams, built their forts, planted their emblems and claimed their own territories (Eacott 2015 pp. 69). The new country offered great opportunities for spiritual welfare. Priests and monks were brought alongside the soldiers to offer spiritual nourishment to the Indians and save their souls. When Henry the Second was on the throne, France desired to get a share of the rich new world of which the Spanish and Portuguese arrogance claimed the monopoly. The desire of France saw her not only send Frenchmen only but also Protestant Frenchmen. The importance of them being Protestants was for the sake of evangelism, as well as disguising their identity for acceptability. The Frenchmen and the Protestant Frenchmen were sent to plant the fleur-de-lis on the New World’s shores. In the name of King, two vessels were prepared for the big journey. The emigration’s body was the Huguenots, mixed with young nobles, poor, idle and restless, with piratical sailors from the Breton and Norman seaports and reckless artisans. They entered the harbor of Rio Janeiro, which was then named Guanabara and built huts for their accommodation (Miller 592). The anticipation for future triumphs was evident in them. According to Dubois (2004 pp. 36), a black and deadly potent cloud was thickening over France in the year 1562. A problem was brewing and was inclined towards religious wars. It was impossible for anyone to pierce the future, not to mention contemplating it. The wide range of hate and fanaticism, brother fighting brother, friend fighting friend, son with father made the future dark. Spain, on the other hand, watched and waited to crush and trample any hope of humanity.  

Under what circumstances might short term interest rates lose their Essay

Under what circumstances might short term interest rates lose their potency as an instrument of policy control by central bank..........FULL TITLE BELOW - Essay Example One such inherent problem which dilutes the effectiveness of interest rates as a viable monetary policy instrument is a liquidity trap situation. Liquidity trap is a situation when the rate of interest falls too low to be used as a monetary policy tool. It is a situation when the nominal rate of interest becomes so close to zero so that the real rate of interest could almost be considered as negligible. The lower the rate of interest is higher is the amount of aggregate investment expected to be; but the problem in this instance is that commercial banks do not have ample funds to lend out to the investors. Hence, there are little chances of any stimulation in the aggregate level of investment and so of that of the aggregate output in the economy. Usually, the need for lowering the rate of interest arises when the nation in question is in an urgent need of financial stimulation. However, if the nominal rate of interest is already bound to zero and there is practically no room left for further depreciation, the multiplicative impact of an expansionary monetary policy goes in vain (Rabin, 2004). The LM curve diagram being depicted here shows that till the point when the rate of interest lingers above Rt, there are possibilities of the rate of interest being used as an effective expansionary monetary policy measure. However, at Rt, when the shape of the LM curve becomes almost horizontal, changes in aggregate demand for money from Ma to Mb and vice-versa, has no mushrooming impact at all. Hence, in such a situation, the stimulating power of rate of interest becomes almost zero. Quite obviously, the economy has to rely upon other measures to invigorate the financial condition in the economy and also initiate some steps to reinstate the corrective power of the rate of interest. Hence, unless there is a fall in the rate of interest there are little chances of an appreciation in the aggregate output level in the current period and

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own Essay - 1

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own courses and create their own curriculums - Essay Example becomes evident that it is not at all necessary for the person to be intelligent and capable, but it shows that if the person strives then, he can for sure get what he desires. Therefore, the main factor behind this high score is none other than â€Å"MOTIVATION†. Motivation can be induced in any way either by offering some sort of monetary reward or it can be as simple as public recognition, or recognition among peers. Of course, a mentally challenged person will not be able to achieve it even with motivation, but an average person with sound mind can easily achieve a good score with a little motivation. Many a time uninterested respondents do not even bother to go beyond a few questions or think. They simply remain unflustered, and unbothered. This type of attitude again claims biasness in the claimed success of the high stakes test as accurate measures. It has been generally seen that people who belong to low income strata or to areas with lower economic growth score lower on the colleges. Their lower scores do not necessarily imply that they have low intelligence or possess no knowledge; it’s just that the setup of the test, the language used (in most cases) is not the one they are familiar with. The high scores in test can also be achieved if you have had better schooling and early grooming. There are evidence where children who are made to â€Å"open† their minds in the early stages of life by being made to play mind games and puzzles have a general tendency to think â€Å"out of the box†, they grasp things like puzzles or mind boggling questions easily and can comprehend and answer them far more easily than others who haven’t been exposed to such activities The reason is that their minds have been made to look at the problem and break it and then solve them. Therefore, it is beyond argument that your background, the area or society in which you were brought up may not be all, but are some of the basic reasons that may influence the score you get in your

Big 4 Writing Sample Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Big 4 Writing Sample - Personal Statement Example Upon obtaining the sources, I had to paraphrase each to avoid the most heinous academic crime of plagiarism. Thereafter, the most dragging and tiring parts emerged after the research process that I have conducted. The writing process of the paper was one of the most tiring stages of the whole project. Factors such as the coherence of the sentences and the paragraphs, the direct statement of arguments and the supporting statements that should always follow and the most basic grammar and usage that gives the academic paper its definitive quality were all taken into proper consideration. It took me the entire week to revise and edit the chapter that I have prepared for the dissertation. Writing in such a way that any layman could understand your publication is one of the most daunting challenges in the fields of academic discourse. One must always remember that being too verbose and being over academic in a particular research will not merit the writer good for he risks himself of being misunderstood by the general audience who will read and inevitably, criticize his work. Although those two weeks of my life seemed to be stressful and tiresome, the experience of it as a whole was a fruitful one for me.

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience Essay

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience - Essay Example The paper tells that the questions that emerged from Thoreau’s famous night in jail resulted in an essay originally entitled â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government,† which probably more accurately describes his position and the course of action he adopted in response to what he considered the depredations of the U.S. government. Thoreau expressly refused to pay taxes to the state of Massachusetts as a form of resistance to the federal government’s tacit support of slavery and its expansionist war against Mexico. However, it is generally forgotten that Thoreau specifically consented to the right of Massachusetts to assess and collect taxes, provided that those monies were to be used for just and moral ends. In his article â€Å"Thoreau: A Civil Disobedient?,† W.A. Herr contends that the term â€Å"civil disobedience† has been used to describe a broad range of socio-political activities, ranging from revolutions to hunger strikes, an expansive perspecti ve on what was for Thoreau a simple matter of refusing to comply with immoral government policies. As the concept exists today, civil disobedience evokes images of widespread, organized initiatives aimed at forcing profound political change. Herr notes that there is no available evidence that Thoreau ever actually used the term â€Å"civil disobedience†, at least not in his writings. In his famous essay, Thoreau ponders a matter of individual conscience; he is not a â€Å"call to arms,† nor is it a manifesto, as some have claimed. ... Published in 1849, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is Thoreau’s reaction to an America that he believed had failed to live up to the constitutional promise of equality and justice. The burden of labor in the South was shouldered by enslaved human beings; in the North, wealthy industrialists and factory owners held exploited workers in a state of thralldom that approximated slavery. America was brutally enforcing the doctrine of ma nifest destiny in the West while using its military power to wrest vast territories from Mexico. Thoreau wrote that this ran counter to the true business of government, which is to uphold civil rights, to protect the populace and provide opportunities for people to live the good life. Citizens of conscience should counter the policies of governments, which do more harm than good. His key point is that the individual is every bit as justified to act as a government, that the only true obligation of the citizen is to follow the dictates of his conscience. Thoreau could not countenance obeying a government that supported the institution of slavery. As such, the government could have â€Å"no pure right over my person and property but what I concede to it†. The evolution of government to a more enlightened version, such as democracy, is profoundly a matter of preserving individual rights, he argues. As such, the citizen is compelled to exercise one’s rights by refusing to support the betrayal of the natural contract between the individual and government. Much of what one reads in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† sounds quite familiar, particularly to a native American.

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own Essay - 1

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own courses and create their own curriculums - Essay Example becomes evident that it is not at all necessary for the person to be intelligent and capable, but it shows that if the person strives then, he can for sure get what he desires. Therefore, the main factor behind this high score is none other than â€Å"MOTIVATION†. Motivation can be induced in any way either by offering some sort of monetary reward or it can be as simple as public recognition, or recognition among peers. Of course, a mentally challenged person will not be able to achieve it even with motivation, but an average person with sound mind can easily achieve a good score with a little motivation. Many a time uninterested respondents do not even bother to go beyond a few questions or think. They simply remain unflustered, and unbothered. This type of attitude again claims biasness in the claimed success of the high stakes test as accurate measures. It has been generally seen that people who belong to low income strata or to areas with lower economic growth score lower on the colleges. Their lower scores do not necessarily imply that they have low intelligence or possess no knowledge; it’s just that the setup of the test, the language used (in most cases) is not the one they are familiar with. The high scores in test can also be achieved if you have had better schooling and early grooming. There are evidence where children who are made to â€Å"open† their minds in the early stages of life by being made to play mind games and puzzles have a general tendency to think â€Å"out of the box†, they grasp things like puzzles or mind boggling questions easily and can comprehend and answer them far more easily than others who haven’t been exposed to such activities The reason is that their minds have been made to look at the problem and break it and then solve them. Therefore, it is beyond argument that your background, the area or society in which you were brought up may not be all, but are some of the basic reasons that may influence the score you get in your

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience Essay

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience - Essay Example The paper tells that the questions that emerged from Thoreau’s famous night in jail resulted in an essay originally entitled â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government,† which probably more accurately describes his position and the course of action he adopted in response to what he considered the depredations of the U.S. government. Thoreau expressly refused to pay taxes to the state of Massachusetts as a form of resistance to the federal government’s tacit support of slavery and its expansionist war against Mexico. However, it is generally forgotten that Thoreau specifically consented to the right of Massachusetts to assess and collect taxes, provided that those monies were to be used for just and moral ends. In his article â€Å"Thoreau: A Civil Disobedient?,† W.A. Herr contends that the term â€Å"civil disobedience† has been used to describe a broad range of socio-political activities, ranging from revolutions to hunger strikes, an expansive perspecti ve on what was for Thoreau a simple matter of refusing to comply with immoral government policies. As the concept exists today, civil disobedience evokes images of widespread, organized initiatives aimed at forcing profound political change. Herr notes that there is no available evidence that Thoreau ever actually used the term â€Å"civil disobedience†, at least not in his writings. In his famous essay, Thoreau ponders a matter of individual conscience; he is not a â€Å"call to arms,† nor is it a manifesto, as some have claimed. ... Published in 1849, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is Thoreau’s reaction to an America that he believed had failed to live up to the constitutional promise of equality and justice. The burden of labor in the South was shouldered by enslaved human beings; in the North, wealthy industrialists and factory owners held exploited workers in a state of thralldom that approximated slavery. America was brutally enforcing the doctrine of ma nifest destiny in the West while using its military power to wrest vast territories from Mexico. Thoreau wrote that this ran counter to the true business of government, which is to uphold civil rights, to protect the populace and provide opportunities for people to live the good life. Citizens of conscience should counter the policies of governments, which do more harm than good. His key point is that the individual is every bit as justified to act as a government, that the only true obligation of the citizen is to follow the dictates of his conscience. Thoreau could not countenance obeying a government that supported the institution of slavery. As such, the government could have â€Å"no pure right over my person and property but what I concede to it†. The evolution of government to a more enlightened version, such as democracy, is profoundly a matter of preserving individual rights, he argues. As such, the citizen is compelled to exercise one’s rights by refusing to support the betrayal of the natural contract between the individual and government. Much of what one reads in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† sounds quite familiar, particularly to a native American.

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay Example for Free

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay Abdul Hnnan a 12 year old boy, who has been presented with language, academic and behavior difficulties. Hnnan had a traumatic delivery and suffered from hypoxia. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He sat and crawled at 2.6 years of age and walked after 3 years. His language was delayed and he spoke his first words at 4.6 years to 5 years and in sentences after 5 years. His speech was unclear and could be understood by his parents at age 6 years. However, even now outsiders understood 75% of what he said. His gross motor skills and fine motor skills were poor. He started climbing stairs at 4 to 5 years and started pedaling at 5 years. He still could not pedal a bicycle, tie his shoelaces and button his shirt. Hnnan was a placid baby who did not respond, had no eye contact and had a squint. He slept for long hours and had to be force-fed. He was hyperactive, destructive and aggressive after 3 years. He banged his head. He disliked visitors and could get very distressed. He hated any object in the house being displaced and insisted on having everything in order. He was very difficult to manage. He liked to spin around and jump. At the age of 4 to 5 years, he started noticing other children and started taking interest in them. He became less hyperactive, less aggressive and was more amenable to instructions. However, presently he was still restless and jumped a lot. He could still spin around for hours. He liked being on his own but also could be talkative, over friendly and odd. He repeatedly asked the same questions and was naive. For example, during the interview he repeatedly asked â€Å"Can a cow hurt or not? What if I play with it, will it hurt me or not?† He had writing problems because of his hand tremors. He was always restless and distractible and could not sit for more than a few minutes. His memory was very good but his understanding was weak. His mother has to sit with him for hours to teach him language and concepts. He has difficulty with understanding complex or abstract concepts. He did not have problems in social interaction but had difficulties in social communication and imaginative and flexible thinking. Difficulties with self control is presenting as restlessness, inability to follow adult agenda and paying attention to other people, to what they might be saying, thinking or feeling. SOCIAL HISTORY Abdul Hnnan was born in Lahore, Pakistan by Pakistani parents. He was the first child in the family. His mother, Wajiha, had a positive family history. One of her cousins was mentally retarded. Hnnan was born at term. His mother had high blood pressure. The labour was prolonged, 11 hours and a caesarean was suggested but refused. He was born limp and blue. He had hypoxia. He was in NICU for 5 days. His birth weight was 2.54 kilos. He cried well after 15 days of life. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He started noticing children at 4 or 5 years and started taking interest in them. Hnnan’s younger sister, Amen, 3 years of age was very sociable and talkative. Hnnan’s father was more patient and his mother more irritable. Hnnan was very difficult till age 6 years and was aggressive, non-compliant and unreasonably demanding. As he grew older he became more co-operative and could be rationalized with. Whenever his mother asked him to do something he ignored 5 to 6 times. After that he started to argue. His mother used reprimands, bribes, threats and force to make him do things. Hnnan did not go to school. The family moved to Saudi Arabia when he was 7 years old. His parents took him to a Neuro-Developmental Pediatrician when he was 9 years old. His mother reported that he did not like to play with toys. All he did was jump on a bed or spin around. He was very restless and distracted and had a short attention span. He could be very stubborn and insisted on doing things his way. He was generally cheerful and friendly. He repeatedly asked the same questions and insisted that his parents answer them in the same way or he answered them himself. He watched the same cartoons repeatedly. He constantly jumped or spun around. He used to grab things from strangers. He ignored a child crying till age 5 years but after that he gradually became more empathetic. Hnnan avoided staying in crowds as he knew that he was different from others and that’s why people were laughing at him. After that his condition got better. Following difficulties may become apparent in early childhood: Problems performing subtle movements, such as tying shoelaces, doing up buttons and zip, using cutlery, handwriting. Many will have difficulties getting dressed. They have problems carrying out playground movements, such as jumping, playing hopscotch, catching a ball, kicking a ball, hopping and skipping. They have a higher tendency to bump into things, to fall over and to drop things. Some find it hard to go up and down stairs. Some have problems with using scissors, coloring, drawing, playing jigsaw games.

Food Security Under Threat From Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Food Security Under Threat From Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay The changing of the worlds climate is real. Already, 2 billion people face the daily struggle to survive malnutrition. The causes are complex but there is no doubt that climate change has played a part and is likely to exacerbate the situation into the future. Climate change affects food security in multiple ways: a negative impact on crop yields, stability of food supplies, and the ability of people to access and utilize food in many parts of the developing world. (FAO) Although developed countries are responsible for most greenhouse gas emission (GHSs), the impact of climate change is expected to be disproportionate in its severity on developing countries and on the poor.. (Braun) The higher vulnerability of the poor is not only due to geography but also to limited adaptive capacities. Low-income communities depend directly on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and climate-sensitive resources. (Braun). In addition the Swaminathans publication in 1988 argues that food su pplies in smaller nations will be affected to a greater extent by climate change than those of larger nations. It is recognised that the positive effects of climate change such as CO2 fertilization of plants could contribute to increasing food production and security (). However, rising temperatures and the increased frequency of extreme weather events act to offset greater productivity and will exacerbate food insecurity. The negative effects of climate change may lead to increased water stress, decreased biodiversity, damaged ecosystems, rising sea levels, and potentially to social conflict due to increased competition over limited natural resources. Small-holder agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture are among the systems most at risk (FAO 2008). This essay will provide background information on the impacts of the interrelationship between climate change and global food security, and ways to deal with this novel threat. It will also outline the opportunities that exist for the agriculture sector to adapt, and how the industry can contribute to mitigating the climate challenge. Impacts of Global warming on climate system and food system Global warming is the immediate consequence of increased greenhouse gas emissions with no offsetting increases in carbon storage on earth. These gases absorb energy radiated from the Earth to space and warm the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), increases in greenhouse gas emissions have been associated with an increase in the mean global temperature of 0.3Â °C-0.6Â °C since the late 19th century. By the end of the 21st century, greenhouse gas emissions could cause the mean global temperature to rise by another 1.4Â °C-5.8Â °C (IPCC, Darwin). The Parry et al.experimental findings on wheat and rice, indicate decreased crop duration of wheat as a consequence of warming, resulted in rice yield reductions. It has also shown links between human-induced global warming and changes in weather patterns that will cause additional stress for food systems, with consequent implications for food security. Impacts of climate change on Food Production and Supply Climate change, including global warming and other climate variables have a potentially huge impact on agricultural production. Some of these effects are biological,, some are ecological, and some are economic. Recent studies show that in tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in seasonally dry areas, crop and animal productivity may decrease significantly due to temperature increases of 2 to 3Â °C ( ). In its Fourth assessment Report (AR4) of 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) state that,, focusing on Africa, by 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries are projected to be severely compromised (Muller 2011). The study by Lobell et al. used crop models to calculate changes in agricultural production until 2030. (Lobell, Brown). They show that increasing temperature and both declining precipitation and grassland productivity over semiarid regions are likely to reduce yields of corn, wheat, rice, and other primary crops in the next two decades. Furthermore, cllimate change could cause high levels of desertification and soil salinization in some areas in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America( ); increasing water stress, particularly in irrigated production systems ( ); increased salinity from seal-level rise, leading to some areas in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, such as coastal plains, becoming flooded or unsuitable for agriculture ( ). All of these changes could have a substantial impact on global food security. In addition, food supply may be affected by an increase in frequnecy of extreme weather events, such as storms, floods, droughts as well as sea level rise, air pollution and climate variability associated with global warming (Easterling DR). The increase in intensity and frequency in extreme weather conditions will affect both developed and developing countries.However, developed countries are in a better position to cope with these adverse conditions, due to their greater resources. Many studies on crop production suggest that agriculture is the most vulnerable part of the climate change ( ). Changed weather patterns increase crop vulnerabilities to infection, pest infestations, and weeds(). These will not only decrease yields of crops, but also force farmers to apply harmful and expensive pesticides and herbicides, which will eventually increase the market price and mean an overall increase in the food price for the consumers. High prices may make certain foods unaffordable and can have an impact on individuals nutrition and health. Impacts of climate change on Global Food Security According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), food security is defined as a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 19960). It is the overall outcome of food system processes throughout the food chain. Climate change will affect food security through its impacts on multiple components of global, national, and local food systems. Ensuring food security is a critical aim for the agriculture sector in two ways. First,, it produces the food that people eat and supplies nutrition. Secondly, it provides the primary source of livelihood for 36% of the worlds total workforce (). In the countries of Asia and the Pacific, this share ranges from 40% to 50%, and in sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the working population still make their living from agriculture (ILO,2007). If climate change negative impacts upon the agricultural production in low-income developing countries, eg. Asia and Africa, the livelihoods of large numbers of the rural poor will be put at risk and their vulnerability to food insecurity increased. The World Food Trade Model, designated as the Basic Linked system (BLS), links countries through trade, world market prices, and financial power. The BLS estimates that in 1980, there were about 500 million people at risk of hunger in the developing world. Without climate change, the number of people expected to be at risk of hunger in 2060 has been estimated approximately 640 million. However, with unmitigated climate change, declines in yields in low-latitude regions are projected to require that net imports of cereals increase. Higher grain prices will affect the number of people at risk of hunger. The number of hungry people in developing countries will increase by ~1% for every 2-2.5% increase in prices. This means that the number of people at risk of hunger grows by 10-60% in the scenarios tested, resulting an estimated increase of between 60-350 million people who will suffer from hunger (Parry). Mitigation and Adaptation One of the ways to prevent the effects of global warming is to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In 1997, most industrialized countries ratified an international agreement to reduce the amount of human-induced greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, called Kyoto Protocol. FAO defines Mitigating climate change means reducing greenhouse gas emission and sequestering or storing carbon in the short term and making development choices that will reduce risk by curbing emissions over the long term. Although the entire food system is a source of greenhouse gas emissions, primary production is by far the most important component (Lobell). Incentives are needed to persuade crop and livestock producers, agro-industries and ecosystem managers to adopt good practices for mitigating climate change. Lobell et al. defines adaptation as a key factor that will shape the future severity of climate change impacts on food production. He also suggests that communities can cope with climate change, for example, by switching from producing corn to producing sorghum, whose lower water requirements and higher temperature tolerances are better suited to a warmer and drier climate (Lobell, Darwin). Ensuring food security for all in the face of climate reductions will require adequate food production through improved seed and fertilizer, better land use policies and shifting planting date. These will prove costly but the biggest benefits will likely result from the development of new crop varieties and expansion of irrigation (Brown). These adaptations require substantial investments by farmers, governments, scientists, and development organizations, all of who faces many other demands on their resources. Successful climate change adaptation are likely to diminish the food insecurity that we are facing now. CONCLUSION Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to the aim of eradicating hunger and poverty. In order to meet the growing demand for food security under increasingly difficult climatic conditions and in a situation of diminishing natural resources, the world must move towards embracing a two-fold approach: First, we must invest in and support the development of more efficient, sustainable and resilient food production systems. Second, we must improve access to adequate food for the most vulnerable and at-risk populations and communities as well as improve social protection systems and safety nets as part of the adaptation agenda. Protecting the most vulnerable also requires improving our ability to manage weather-related disaster risks and accelerate community development. Only if we succeed in making significant advances on all fronts -increasing food availability, enhancing access to food, and strengthening resilience and development will we reduce the risk of dramatic increases in the number of the malnourished and hungry in the poorest regions of the world.

Portrayal of Jane Osborne in Vanity Fair Essay -- Victorian Era Willia

The Redundant Woman Thackeray’s portrayal of Jane Osborne in Vanity Fair is very troubling to the reader of the twentieth century. Grown to be a woman who is stuck under her tyrannical father’s roof, her life appears to be very confining and menial. Her sister snubs her, her nephew mocks her behind her back, her father mocks her to her face, and her main role in life seems to be as her father’s housekeeper. However, Thackeray’s portrayal would have had a very different effect on the Victorian reader. While all of these things which affronted us would have been equally awful to them, Thackeray uses another key phrase which has lost its effect on our modern minds: "that unfortunate and now middle-aged young lady" (448). Jane Osborne’s future has progressed from being uncertain, waiting somewhat impatiently for a suitor’s attentions, to a dreadful certainty; she is quickly becoming what the Victorians referred to as a â€Å"redundant woman.† Destiny A Victorian woman was bred up with the honored ideals of someday being â€Å"wives, daughters, and guardians of the home† (Parkinson). A model young woman was designed as a bargaining tool; her person, characteristics, skills, and, for those who were fortunate, dowry were key chips to be laid in a game of houses which defined the noblest aspirations of Victorian society. The very â€Å"spheres of influence† written about by so many authors of the time, both male and female, dictated that â€Å"what the woman is to be within her fates, as the centre of order, the balm of distress, and the mirror of beauty: that she is also to be without her fates, where order is more difficult, distress more imminent, loveliness more rare† (Ruskin). However, being bred for marriage produces a number of problems; hundre... ...n† has become very antiquated, and purposeless in a world where women have more and more opportunities for equal advancement, affirmative action, etc. It is interesting, however, to note that the ideas of â€Å"spheres of influence† still persist, though somewhat altered. Works Cited Greg, W. R. â€Å"Why Are Women Redundant?† (excerpt). Phoebe Junior. Elizabeth Langland. Broadview Literary Text. Toronto: Broadview Press Ltd., 2002. Pages 449-450. Ruskin, John. â€Å"Of Queen’s Gardens† (excerpt). Phoebe Junior. Elizabeth Langland. Broadview Literary Text. Toronto: Broadview Press Ltd., 2002. Pages 446-449. Parkinson, Allison. â€Å"Sphere Switching Polly, Work/Life Choices and the ‘redundant woman’ in 19th Century London.† November 9, 2004. Thackeray, William M. Vanity Fair. New York: Random House, Inc., 2001.

Essay --

Brick Dimensions The size of a standard brick is: 76 mm high x 230 mm long x 110 mm wide. Some bricks are made with different sizes. 50 mm and 90 mm high bricks, 90 mm wide bricks & 290 mm long bricks are manufactured for different structural and aesthetic effect. Larger bricks are often used for more economical laying and as design feature either on their own or combined with smaller bricks. In India, the size of brick is 228 Ãâ€" 107 Ãâ€" 69 mm. Larger Hollow bricks (140 mm w x 90 mm h x 290 mm l) are generally used in cyclonic area to ensure reinforcement and grouting in the wall. Wider (150 mm wide) bricks are used in walls requiring lower sound transmission, greater fire resistance levels & higher load bearing capacity depending on the specific brick properties. Circular Cavities are made in bricks. Its’ benefits are that they aid in firing process, reduce weight for handling, provide better bond for mortar. Clay brick sizes may vary after they are fired but size variation between units averages out when blended properly during laying. In most cases, the length of a brick is about double its width, about eight inches or slightly more so as to ensure proper strength. Brick Strength It is defined as the resistance to load per unit area. The strength of brick is determined by the capability of a construction material doesn’t collapse or fall down under the influence of external forces leading to internal stresses. Engineering bricks have average compressive strength of 59MPa. A common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40MPa. Strength for adobe specimen mean compressive strength: 1.195Mpa, mean modulus of elasticity: 204.5MPa, Mean strain at peak strength: 11%, Mean Tensile Strength: 0.17MPa Strength of EMR autoclaved bric... ... thermal transmittance can be minimized by 1. Avoiding thermal bridges in the brick, and arranging void perforation in quincunx 2. Extending the perforations of void in tongue and grooved area (Tongue and groove is a method of fitting similar objects together) and thereby breaking the thermal bridge. 3. Providing a small gap in the assembly, to improve the bricks conductivity. Drawbacks †¢ The manufacturing of brick emits lots of fluorine which is very toxic in nature. †¢ It also produces electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) which is hazardous to nature. Eco-friendly way One of the research focuses on utility of Expanded polystyrene as a mixture with cement, sand and water and preparing the concrete brick. Which has the average compressive strength of 12.79MPa. te relationship of density and compressive strength is given by correlation fc = 2.43 x ÃŽ ±2.997 x 10-9.

Torispherical Head Tank Volume

Calculating Tank Volume Saving time, increasing accuracy By Dan Jones, Ph. D. , P. E. C alculating fluid volume in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical or elliptical tank can be complicated, depending on fluid height and the shape of the heads (ends) of a horizontal tank or the bottom of a vertical tank. Exact equations now are available for several commonly encountered tank shapes. These equations can be used to make rapid and accurate fluid-volume calculations. All equations are rigorous, but computational difficulties will arise in certain limiting configurations.All volume equations give fluid volumes in cubic units from tank dimensions in consistent linear units. All variables defining tank shapes required for tank volume calculations are defined in the â€Å"Variables and Definitions† sidebar. Graphically, Figs. 1 and 2 show horizontal tank variables and Figs. 3 and 4 show vertical tank variables. Exact fluid volumes in elliptical horizontal or vertical tanks can be foun d by first calculating the fluid volumes of appropriate cylindrical horizontal or vertical tanks using the equations described above, and then by adjusting those results using appropriate correction formulas.Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks Fluid volume as a function of fluid height can be calculated for a horizontal cylindrical tank with either conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, or torispherical heads where the fluid height, h, is measured from the tank bottom to the fluid surface, see Figs. 1 and 2. A guppy head is a conical head where the apex of the conical head is level with the top of the cylindrical section of the tank as shown in Fig. 1. A torispherical head is an ASME-type head defined by a knuckle-radius parameter, k, and a dish-radius parameter, f, as shown in Fig. 2.An ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution; only a hemiellipsoid is valid – no â€Å"segment† of an ellipsoid will work as is true in the case of a spherical head wh ere the head may be a spherical segment. For a spherical head, |a| ? R, where R is the radius of the cylindrical tank body. Where concave conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, or torispherical heads are considered, then |a| ? L/2. Both heads of a horizontal cylindrical tank must be identical for the equations to work; i. e. , if one head is conical, the other must be conical with the same dimensions.However, the equations can be combined to deal with fluid volume calculations of horizontal tanks with heads of different shapes. For instance, if a horizontal cylindrical tank has a conical head on one end and an ellipsoidal head on the other end, calculate fluid volumes of two tanks, one with conical heads and the other with ellipsoidal heads, and average the results to get the desired fluid volume. The heads of a horizontal tank may be flat (a = 0), convex (a > 0), or concave (a < 0). The following variables must be within the ranges stated: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ |a| ? R for spherical heads |a| ? L/2 for concave ends 0 ? ? 2R for all tanks f > 0. 5 for torispherical heads 0 ? k ? 0. 5 for torispherical heads D>0 L? 0 Page 1 of 12 Variables and Definitions (See Figs. 1-5) a is the distance a horizontal tank's heads extend beyond (a ; 0) or into (a ; 0) its cylindrical section or the depth the bottom extends below the cylindrical section of a vertical tank. For a horizontal tank with flat heads or a vertical tank with a flat bottom a = 0. Af is the cross-sectional area of the fluid in a horizontal tank's cylindrical section. D is the diameter of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank.DH, DW are the height and width, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body of a horizontal elliptical tank. DA, DB are the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body of a vertical elliptical tank. f is the dish-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical hea ds or bottoms; fD is the dish radius. h is the height of fluid in a tank measured from the lowest part of the tank to the fluid surface. k is the knuckle-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; kD is the knuckle radius.L is the length of the cylindrical section of a horizontal tank. R is the radius of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank. r is the radius of a spherical head for a horizontal tank or a spherical bottom of a vertical tank. Vf is the fluid volume, of fluid depth h, in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank. Page 2 of 12 Horizontal Tank Equations Here are the specific equations for fluid volumes in horizontal cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and torispherical heads (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions, and D/2 = R > 0 for all equations): Conical heads.Vf = A f L + K †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ 0 ? h < R 2 aR2 ? ? / 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ h = R 3 ? ? K †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. R < h ? 2 R 1 ? 2 M 1 ? M2 M M= R? h R K ? cos ? 1 M + M 3 cosh ? 1 Ellipsoidal heads. Vf = A f L + ? a h 2 1 ? Guppy heads. h 3R Vf = A f L + 2aR2 2a h cos ? 1 1 ? + 2 Rh ? h 2 (2 h ? 3 R )(h + R ) 3 R 9R Spherical heads. 3R 2 + a 2 6 ? a 3R 2 + a 2 3 h ? a h2 1 ? 3R Vf = A f L + a a ?a ( ( ) ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. h = R, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. h = D, a ? R a ? R †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .. h = 0 or a = 0, R, ? R 2 2r3 R2 ? r w R2 + r w z R cos ? 1 2+ + cos ? 1 ? 3 R (w ? r ) R(w + r ) r r ? 2 w r2 ? R cos ? 1 w R a ? 0. 01D y 4w y z w3 tan ? 1 + 3 z 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . h ? R, D; a ? 0, R, ? R; a R2 ? x 2 2 r 2 ? x 2 tan ? 1 dx ? A f z a r 2 ? R2 w a2 + R2 2|a| ( ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . h ? R, D; a ? 0, R, ? R; a < 0. 01D r= a? 0 ; a =  ± r ? r 2 ? R2 + ( ? ) for convex (concave ) heads w ? R? h y ? 2 R h ? h2 z ? r 2 ? R2 Page 3 of 12 Torispherical heads.In the Vf equation, use +(-) for convex(concave) heads. Vf = A f L  ± 2 [ 2 v 1,max ? v 1 (h = D ? h) + v 2,max + v 3,max ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. h 2 ? h ? D 2 ( v 1,max + v 2 + v 3 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 v1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 0 ? h ? h1 h1 < h < h 2 2kDh? h2 v1 ? 0 kD cos ? n 2 sin ? 1 n 2 cos ? 1 n2 ? w 2 ? w n 2 ? w 2 dx n g w ? w n 2 ? w 2 + g n 2 ? g 2 dx ? cos ? 1 n n 2 v2 ? 0 g g2 + r w z r3 g2 ? r w 2+ cos ? 1 + cos ? 1 ? r g(w + r ) r 3 g (w ? ) v3 ? g cos ? 1 g2 ? w 2 w3 w tan ? 1 ? w r2 ? 3 z g †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 0. 5 < f ? 10 + w z g2 ? w 2 6 g2 ? x 2 z + wz 2 2 g (h ? h1 ) ? (h ? h1 ) 2 (r 2 ? x 2 tan ? 1 ) dx ? w z 2 w 2 g cos ? 1 ? w 2g(h ? h1 ) ? (h ? h1 ) 2 g 0. 5 < f < 10,000 v 2,max ? v 2 (h = h 2 ) v 3,max ? v 3 (h = h 2 ) = v 1,max ? v 1 (h = h1 ) ? a1 6 ( 3g 2 2 + a1 ) a 1 ? r ( 1 ? cos ? ) r ? fD h 2 ? D ? h1 w ? R? h z ? r 2 ? g 2 = f D cos ? = r cos ? ? ? sin ? 1 1? 2k = cos ? 1 2 (f ? k ) 4 f 2 ? 8 f k + 4k ? 1 2 (f ? k ) h1 ? k D (1 ? sin ? ) n ? R ? k D + k 2D 2 ? 2 g ? f D sin ? = r sin ? In the above equations, Vf is the total volume of fluid in the tank in cubic units consistent with the linear units of tank dimension parameters, and Af is the cross-sectional area of flui d in the cylindrical body of the tank in square units consistent with the linear units used for R and h. The equation for Af is given by: A f = R 2 cos ? 1 R? h ? (R ? h) 2 R h ? h 2 R Page 4 of 12 Figure 1. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal, Guppy, or Spherical Heads. Spherical head Cylindrical Tube Hemiellipsoid head r(sphere) DGuppy head Conical head a (cone; guppy) a(sphere) R h a(ellipsoid) L Af Fluid cross-sectional area CROSS SECTION OF CYLINDRICAL TUBE h 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Both heads of a tank must be identical. Above diagram is for definition of parameters only. Cylindrical tube of diameter D (D > 0), radius R (R > 0), and length L (L ? 0). For spherical head of radius r, r ? R and |a| ? R. For convex head other than spherical, 0 < a < ? , for concave head a < 0. L ? 0 for a ? 0, L ? 2|a| for a < 0. Ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. 0 ? h ? D.Page 5 of 12 Figure 2. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Heads. kD h2 R D ? fD h h1 Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Examples L The following examples can be used to check application of the equations: Find the volumes of fluid, in gallons, in horizontal cylindrical tanks 108†³ in diameter with cylinder lengths of 156†³, with conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and â€Å"standard† ASME torispherical (f = 1, k = 0. 06) heads, each head extending beyond the ends of the cylinder 42†³ (except torispherical), for fluid depths in the tanks of 36†³ (example 1) and 84†³ (example 2).Calculate five times for each fluid depth – for a conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and torispherical head. For example 1 the parameters are D = 108†³, L = 156†³, a = 42†³, h = 36†³, f = 1, and k = 0. 06. The fluid volumes are 2,041. 19 Gal for conical heads, 2,380. 96 Gal for ellipsoidal heads, 1,931. 72 Gal for guppy heads, 2,303. 96 Gal for spherical heads, and 2,028. 63 Gal fo r torispherical heads. For example 2 the parameters are D = 108†³, L = 156†³, a = 42†³, h = 84†³, f = 1, and k = 0. 06. The fluid volumes are 6,180. 54 Gal for conical heads, 7,103. 45 Gal for ellipsoidal heads, 5,954. 1 Gal for guppy heads, 6,935. 16 Gal for spherical heads, and 5,939. 90 Gal for torispherical heads. For torispherical heads, ‘a’ is not required input; it can be calculated from f, k, and D. torispherical-head examples, the calculated value is ‘a’ = 18. 288†³. Page 6 of 12 For these Vertical Cylindrical Tanks Fluid volume in a vertical cylindrical tank with either a conical, ellipsoidal, spherical, or torispherical bottom can be calculated, where the fluid height, h, is measured from the center of the bottom of the tank to the surface of the fluid in the tank.See Figs. 3 and 4 for tank configurations and dimension parameters, which are also defined in the â€Å"Variables and Definitions† sidebar. A torispheric al bottom is an ASME-type bottom defined by a knuckle-radius factor and a dish-radius factor as shown graphically in Fig. 4. The knuckle radius will then be kD and the dish radius will be fD. An ellipsoidal bottom must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. For a spherical bottom, |a| ? R, where a is the depth of the spherical bottom and R is the radius of the cylindrical section of the tank.The following parameter ranges must be observed: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ a ? 0 for all vertical tanks, a ? R for a spherical bottom f > 0. 5 for a torispherical bottom 0 ? k ? 0. 5 for a torispherical bottom D>0 Vertical Tank Equations Here are the specific equations for fluid volumes in vertical cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, spherical, and torispherical bottoms (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions, and D > 0 for all equations): Conical bottom. ? Dh Vf = 4 4 a 2 h 3 2a 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . à ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. h

Outsourcing is a business model

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industry is offering a huge benefit for the society and upliftment of the people, the government is continuously encouraging foreign companies to setup shop in India (Schaaf, 2005).India has been growing at a tremendous rate in the last ten years.   The growth annually has been about 6 %.   India may even be able to grow at a faster rate.   One of the mains causes for such a high growth rate is the booming outsourcing and the knowledge-processing units available in India.   India has been especially been open to the field of IT and software, and application of Information technology has expanded into various other sectors.   Effectively, many companies are having their back-end office in India, which offers back-end support (Schaaf, 2005).There may be a few issues that need to be considered for foreign companies whilst investing in India for outsourcing.   India has a large number of universities and a huge number of graduates are produced every year.   However, several of these 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(2005), Outsourcing in India Gets Cultural Backlash, Retrieved on September 10, 2007, from Impact Lab Web site: http://www.impactlab.com/modules.php?name=News&file=arti cle&sid=12101 Schaaf, J. (2005), Outsourcing to India: Crouching tiger set to pounce, Retrieved on September 10, 2007, from Deutsche Bank Research Web site: http://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000192125.pdf  Sharma, S. (2004), BPO Industry in India- A Report, Retrieved on September 10, 2007, from BPO India Web site: http://www.bpoindia.org/research/bpo-in-india.shtml

Accounting Equation Paper Essay Example for Free

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