New York State report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New York State report - Essay Example (Cuomo, 2012) Using the $10 billion dollar waiver awarded, the state plans on transforming the health care system of its people through the MRT plan. Some of the key issues outlined in the waiver include: expansion of high quality primary health care, grants to increase health homes for patients in need of extensive health care and facilities, strategies to increase Medicaid savings in the long-term and evaluation of ongoing and new MRT initiatives to ensure that public funds are not embezzled. The plans will ensure that health insurance becomes affordable through reduction of insurance premiums, pulling of resources together to reduce individual costs like coinsurance, copayments and deductibles and providing credits to ease the purchase of the insurance cover for low income earners. The benefits of these reforms are numerous. First, it reduces the high cost of Medicare due to the spread of costs among many people. Pooling of risks and costs among many people will result to lower premium rates and therefore, all costly health care would be affordable to all people. Secondly, a good health system will result in higher productivity since the labor force is healthy. Lastly, people under the insurance cover seek medical attention regularly; this reduces the chances of illnesses occurring and the general cost of the health care. Health insurance exchanges refer to marketplaces where individuals and small businesses can compare and buy health insurance. The exchanges will be accessible through physical offices, phone lines and websites. There are four categories of coverage offered by insurers: platinum, gold, silver and bronze with platinum being the most costly while bronze being the cheapest. The following grants were awarded to the state of New York to develop the Exchange program: Exchange Planning Grant, Early Innovator Grant and Exchange Establishment Grant. (Slavik & Webb, n.d.) The law requires

Dramatic action, genres and styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dramatic action, genres and styles - Essay Example Lewis is more interested in the experiences people had with guns more than she is about political attitude people show towards them. The set is moderate just a work area, a light, and a seat enhance the stage. A couple of picture casings are taken out of a cardboard box every now and then, and an upstage entryway is marginally aired out, giving a fragment of light. That ever-so-slight light from the entryway is unpleasant and feels typical of discovering light toward the end of a dull passage. Maybe that is the proposition: to infer trust for Lewis that she may inevitably be free from her individual story of enthusiasm and melancholy. On the other hand maybe it holds a more noteworthy centrality: to recommend that despite the fact that the voices of those on the far left and far right of weapon control laws are the voices that are frequently noted, the individuals who are in the middle of the lions share may can some way or another be heard and arrangements can be found. Villa unmistakably presents Lewis words, â€Å"We have a problem with guns in America.† The issue is we ridiculously like them." Like the m, abhor them, or feel some place in the middle of, weapon control is an issue that has more than one side. With a second demonstration that permits the gathering of people to impart their musings and stories, this show is encouraging a quite required dialog. During the climax of the play, Lewis does reveal how it is a fascinating and frequently excruciating adventure through gun culture — an anodyne expression that covers the numerous shades of subtlety in how Americans feel about firearms. The vicinity of Lewis herself and our dawning acknowledgment of exactly how difficult some of these stories will be, joined with Villas pliable (yet frequently funny) persona as the course for one ladys existence with weapons includes a passionate measurement that I think wouldnt be there without both of

Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a Series of Stages Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Development May Progress Gradually or Through a Series of Stages Essay Cognitive development can be defined as the growth of our knowledge in understanding the world around us. This growth can be developed gradually, in other words, it is seen as a continuous process by collecting more information. Another way of developing cognitively is through a series of stages which involves some sort of revolution from one period to another in one’s lifetime. Jean Piaget, a cognitive developmentalist believed that humans go through a series of stages in life in order to reach their full cognitive ability. In this essay, we would briefly talk about Piaget’s Stage Theory and its criticisms. Piaget divided his theory into four different stages of development. The first one is known as the sensorimotor stage which is applied to infants for approximately the first two years of their lives. At this stage, infants discover the world mainly by their senses and actions. One of the main concepts Piaget penned is object permanence. This is the knowledge of the existence of objects even when we cannot directly sense it. Piaget suggested that babies lack this concept through his study; A not B task. In this study, the experimenter hides a toy under Box A then the baby would search for it under Box A. This procedure was repeated and eventually in front of the baby, the experimenter hid the toy under Box B. The baby searched for it under Box A instead of B even though they saw the experimenter hid it under Box B. Therefore, this study shows that the baby lacked the concept of object permanence. They are known to be in a state of solipsism, also known as the failure to differentiate between themselves and the surroundings. Based on observation conducted on his own children (1952), Piaget divided this stage into six different sub stages. However, Piaget’s claims on object permanence have been criticized. Baillargeon et al. (1985) found in their research that infants as young as three-and-a-half months have developed the ability of object permanence. This was backed up by Bower Wishart (1972) whereby they discovered that even after the lights were switched off, the babies continued to search for the object shown. Hence, they do possess the ability of object permanence. The second stage is the preoperational stage which occurs when the child is aged 2 to 7. On this stage, the child solves problems by using symbols and develops the skill for languages. According to Piaget, the child is egocentric which means he sees the world from his standpoint but not others. The solution to this is to apply operational intelligence. The process of solving problems by using logic. Another concept which Piaget is concerned with is conservation. It is the understanding that any quantity remains the same even if physical changes is made to the objects holding the medium. In addition to these concepts, centration, also defined as the focus on a single aspect of a problem at a time. Piaget states that at this stage, the child fails to decenter. Conversely, Borke and Hughes (1975) found contradicting evidence against Piaget’s on his study of the three mountains task. They used the same elements of the task and discovered that children had no problem with identifying the perspectives of the others when the task is shown in a meaningful context. Hence, from the result obtained, Hughes found that the children did not display any characteristics of being egocentric. Furthermore, Gelman (1979) found in his study that four year olds altered their explanations of things to get their message across clearer to a blindfolded listener. If Piaget’s concept of egocentrism was correct then, this shouldn’t have happened. In addition, Flavell suggested an alternative to this issue by coining the Level 1 and Level 2 perspective-taking abilities. In Level 1, one thinks about viewing objects but not the different perspectives that can be seen of the objects while in Level 2, one is able to imagine the views of the objects from different angles. Flavell concluded that it is not compulsory that children think others share the same perspective as themselves but they do struggle to imagine what others can see. Therefore, this shows that Piaget’s claim on egocentrism could be correct or wrong. Moreover, in Donaldson’s Children’s Minds (1978), she argued that children misunderstood the questions which Piaget asked while conducting the studies. This was the reason why Piaget obtained the results in his studies involving the concept of conservation especially. Donaldson stated that Piaget’s tasks had no meaningful context for the children to understand, hence they answered what they thought the experimenter expected of them. This claim was supported by Rose Blank (1974) where they found children often succeeded in the conservation task. Further research was done by Samuel Bryant (1978) who used conservation of number, liquid quantity and substance and obtained similar conclusion with Rose Blank’s. Donaldson also stated that children were unintentionally forced to produce the wrong answer against their own logical judgment. One of the explanations is that the same question was asked repeatedly before and after transformations presented to them and this in turn caused the children to believe that their original answer was wrong. Thus, the idea of children assuming the fact that reality changes according to appearance could be incorrect. In addition, Piaget may have underestimated a child’s cognitive ability because based on Mitchell Robinson’s (1992) study; they demonstrated that children from the age of 4 could locate the correct answer to a solution by canceling out the alternatives. This process is also known as inference by elimination. The children were presented with a set of cartoon characters, three of which were well-known. They were asked to identify a superhero which was unknown. The researchers discovered that majority of the children selected the unknown character without doubt. Another example of a child’s ability is their capability with syllogisms which consists of logical problems accompanied by a general rule that enables people to create a statement. Dias and Harris (1990) stated a general rule that all fish live in trees and Tiddles is a fish, then it is logical to assume that Tiddles live in trees. After presenting this to the children, they insisted that Tiddles lives in the water instead. However, after the experimenters presented them with another rule, they were ready to use the rule to make inferences. Therefore, these evidences show that Piaget may have underestimated the abilities of younger children. Subsequently is the stage of concrete operation which happens to children around the age of 7 to 12. Now the child is able to solve their problems in a logical manner but the problem has to be either real or concrete. The final stage; formal operations which takes place when the child turns 12 and continue into their adulthood. In this stage, one would be able to solve problems systematically and logically even if the problem is a hypothetical situation. Wason and Johnson-Laird showed that most intelligent adults do not fulfill Piaget’s ideal cognitively developed person through selection task. This claim is proved in Cheng and Holyoak’s (1985) study where the results strongly show that majority of the participants does not display the reasoning of an adult in the stage of formal operations. In other words, this experiment is a clear indication that the formal operations stage does not exist. One of the critics of Piaget’s Stage Theory in general is John Flavell (1982) who claimed that Piaget did not define the cognitive processes clearly. Furthermore, Braine and Rumain (1983) who conducted an analysis on the contents and the structure of the theory found that Piaget’s theory could be flawed. These are only the few critics of Piaget’s Stage Theory. Thus, the theory is constantly being questioned due to its impact in the field of cognitive psychology. After stating the basic facts of the theory as well as giving some examples of the critics of Piaget’s concepts and ideas, we are now able to get an overview of the debate. Overall, there are evidences which propose some of the concepts to be reviewed again and maybe even rejected. However, from the researches conducted on Piaget’s theory as well as the impact of it, alternative theories were penned down. For example, Vygotsky’s theory which takes on a more social based view of describing the cognitive development. In conclusion, Piaget’s theory have been applied in various institutions especially education but it is also being criticized by many in the field, therefore, it is only fair to conclude that Piaget’s theory may need to be modified in order to create a more accurate theory to explain the way we understand the world.

History Of The Nigerian Mass Media Media Essay

History Of The Nigerian Mass Media Media Essay The emerging trend in Nigerias broadcast industry after the doors were thrown open for private participation has been a success story. The Nigerian nation, contrary to initial governments apprehensions, has not collapsed. There has not been any case of the use of the private stations to foment trouble nor subvert the country. Rather, what Nigerians seemed to have witnessed is the opportunity to choose. Competition in broadcast programming brought about by private stations has created some vitality and vibrancy in the broadcast sector such that even many government owned stations that were almost sinking in boring and monotonous monologues of what the government said and so on have been forced to abandon their slumber. It has been a tremendous advantage for the Nigerian airways for the deregulation of its airways. The governments fears became unfounded with the exemplary courage of General Ibrahim Babaginda (administration) who on August 24, 1992, threw open the gates to allow private individuals and groups the opportunity to own, control and operate broadcast stations. However, for a long time, government held on to its exclusive monopoly of the broadcast media because it felt it could not trust the professional discretion of private individuals to protect public interests or safeguard the nations security. It would be recalled that successive military adventurists found it a convenient strategy to execute their coups on the airwaves of the nations broadcast media. The government probably felt the nation was not ripe for private ownership of broadcast stations. Meanwhile, decades later the former governments realized they have been wrong because the deregulation expanded the industry and improved the efficiency and effectiveness of broadcast stations in the country. Deregulation in Nigeria has not only helped the country but boost the freedom of expression and also promote the quality of broadcasting in Nigeria. Furthermore, they have also stimulated social and economic growth and development in the country. In fact, if not for anything, it has provided more employment opportunities for Nigerians and a medium for advertisers and advertising practitioners. With the coming of private television stations, the face of television broadcast in Nigeria has been changed permanently for good. For one, it has raised the stake in the industry, as stations, both public and private, now competition is getting keener by the day. Today, viewers have more stations to choose from, unlike in the past when NTA and state stations held sway. This has translated to more programmes. One of the fallouts of broadcast deregulation is the upsurge in the thriving activities of independent producers. Because of the options and latitude provided by a deregulated broadcast market, independent producers, most of who had been frustrated out of civil service media stations have new opportunities to showcase their talents. Besides, the employment market in the broadcast sector, in the wake of deregulation, offered better prospects as employers lured the few available talents with better remunerations. Poaching soon became the order of the day as most government stations that failed to appreciate the worth of their on-air talents and other professionals in the news, programmes, and engineering directorates lost them to the upcoming outfits. In addition to the benefit of deregulation in Nigeria, the ownership of broadcast media stations by individuals craves way for true democracy. It is fact that a government owned broadcast station would not want to broadcast anything that would jeopardize or tarnish the image of the government. Hence, workers in such media house would find it difficult to broadcast unscrupulous stories of the government because of the fear of losing his job. However, the presence of private media houses gives room for easy publication of governments unscrupulous stories. The purpose of mass communication as a watch-dog for the masses becomes effective in this aspect because a case study of Nigeria reveals that a private media house will not hesitate to broadcast any news story that would or not tarnish the image of the government. This they would do more than a government owned station. Furthermore, it is conspicuous that deregulating the airways as been one of the strategic decisions the Nigerian government has taken. Another advantage of the deregulation of the airways is the act of broadcast on-line. The private media houses in Nigeria facilitate the growth and increase of web-casting. In Nigeria today, almost all private media houses have their programmes broadcast on-line through web-casting. All these advantages of deregulation of the airways in Nigeria have contributed immensely in improving the economy of the country. It has improved the economy because so many individuals have set up so many media houses which have also increased the numbers of the employed especially those who had gone to school to study in the specified field of mass communication and journalism. Moreover, as the standard of the industry improves, it makes the industry to be capable of competing with other countries industries. Also, another advantage which a broadcast station has is the capability of educating its listeners. Deregulation in Nigeria which gives room for the rush in of more media houses make viewers have choices of been educated. It increases the ability of media houses to make its audience educated and conscious of where they live in. Advertisement on broadcast stations also create awareness to the masses, so many broadcast stations even when individuals owned stations have dominated the airways advertise lots of products and services. Most importantly, it serves as a medium where manufacturers or entrepreneurs reveal their products or services to the people. Also, it serves as a medium the audience gets to know about new products and new development. Finally, based on the emphasis of the relevance and necessities of the deregulation of the Nigerian airways, it is a fact that the deregulation of the airways was necessary and has benefited the country tremendously. There is also a bright prospect ahead of the industry even as these individuals who keep on thronging into the industry keep on imbibing fresh and well innovating ideas which would improve it to its peak of standard. So therefore, indeed the sky is a stepping stone for the industry.

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We are all familiar with hospitals. Depending on our condition we see many different doctors and nurses. Manny patients think their primary care giver is their doctor, however they are wrong. The primary caregiver is their nurse working every hour, the nurse is checking their vitals, and assessing their condition. Now let’s go to a patient in critical condition. Andrew, a thirty-three year old man who had been badly burned, and lost his leg to the trauma. Andrew was in such pain his attending nurse gave him the max and the nurse was very worried of respiratory collapse. Andrew spent eight weeks in the critical care department, but said he would not have survived it without his attending nurse Ellen. The patient is taken care of, but the patient doesn’t know how the nurse is doing, who is providing their care. That patient doesn’t know if he or she feels overworked or if he or she has had a break in the last twelve hours. The patient probably doesn’t know that the critical care nurse is taking care of seven other patients. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing, â€Å"critical care nursing is that specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to life-threatening problems. A critical care nurse is a licensed professional nurse who is responsible for ensuring that acutely and critically ill patients and their families receive optimal care.† (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2010) In summary critical nursing is a daunting task one where one individual would be overworked and trying to be in too many places at once. In addition nurses are feeling an even extra strain because hospitals’ intensive care units are understaffed. Now, this is not an extreme situation, however is a direct iss... ...ge, this is a vicious circle. A circle that needs to be broken by the administrations to provide better care for our nurses which will result in better care of patients. Ultimately something needs to be done to better protect the rights of individual nurses bringing the shortage and patient deaths down. As stated early, nurses are primary caregivers in hospitals. Nursing will never be an easy profession, but it is an admirable one. Nurses aren’t nurses because they receive worthy pay or have decent schedules. Nurses are the ultimate care givers because they are compassionate and have a passion for helping others. Unfortunately, the lack of respect and shortage makes it difficult for nurses to truly see the gift they are giving their patients. In summary it is all about finding solutions to better our healthcare organizations who can better the lives of all nurses.

Love of country? Essay

Frederick Douglass’s speech â€Å"If I Had A Country, I Should Be A Patriot† delivers a blasting reproach on the discrimination of the African American and why he feels indignant about his country and being unwilling to call himself a patriot. Similar to Langston Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† , both employ a chord informative structure and a canting tone simple enough for the audience to incite a reaction from the audience to plead for freedom in America. Both authors though in different times face the challenges of racism and being an African American in the â€Å"Republic† of America. Douglass explains that even under natural rights there is no spot sacred in America that can secure his right of liberty. He orates â€Å"This is your land of the free†, your â€Å"home of the brave† to symbolize the ambivalence and optimism for freedom being an African American in America at that juncture and that America must be envisioned as the sentimental identity of the African American slave. â€Å"I never knew what freedom was till I got beyond the limits of the American eagle†. Douglass tries to explain that the idea of being a patriot in America differs from the reality currently going on in his time persuading his listeners to acknowledge the humanity in dehumanizing the institution of slavery. In Langston Hughes’s poem his first stanza details how he is treated unequally. â€Å"I am the darker brother; they send me to eat in the kitchen, when company comes but I laugh and eat well and grow strong.† He demonstrates that the nation he considers himself to belong under the constitution does not treat him as a superior but an inferior. The sentiment of this quote internally depicts that he feels equal to the other race. Unlike Douglass who is encouraging the people to realize their rights, Hughes is waiting for the opportune moment to rebel. The last four lines of Hughes’s poem â€Å"Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed – I, too, am America† corresponds with Douglass’s insight of hope and using inequality to unmask inequality in America and orating that his race integral to the very existence of America. Hughes orates that he will endure the racial despair with hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. Douglass and Hughes are judging that there’s no greater danger to the advancement of the African American than the country and its spirit of alienation. This will always steer up to a revolution in a country. America should be a land true to natural love of liberty and its moral humanity and guide its united people to a moral progress. They found a reason to love and identify with this country despite injustices their people had suffered continued to suffer in their days as they waited for the alternate solution.

Intercultural communication issue Essay

Intercultural Communication Issue: Electronic Mail Meanings reside in people, not in words (Littlejohn, 2001, 39). This basic precept of language can be deemed a positive axiom for successful communication. Whenever possible, both parties should seek a common code and/or attempt to understand cultural differences in coding systems. Admittedly, it is difficult to arrive at a common code if a person and his communication partner speak different languages. The English language contains countless subcodes. Even nonverbal cues shift from culture to culture. Much like in the case of this electronic message sent by a hypothetical boss to a representative of a department flocked with Hongkong-based Chinese nationals: â€Å"I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It’s high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I’m pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America. † The statement above is a blend of American vernacular and idiomatic expression. It appears to be a simple salutatory message that turns embedded in unnecessary verbosity. This communication style takes risks in seeking suitable interpretation on the part of the message recipients. The words or phrases ASAP, across the sea, punch, and sell for Americans are easy to understand and can even cause no outstanding remarks from them. But to use these words in a message meant for relatively new employees with a relatively different linguistic background, startling and even violent reactions might be elicited. In fairness to Hongkongers, they are officially bilingual between Chinese and English. After the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People’s Republic of China in 1997, both Chinese and English remained the official language of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. English is the major working language in Hong Kong, and is widely used in commercial activities and legal matters (Flores, et al. , 1991, 246). However, this gift of bilingualism may likewise yield confusion, as British idioms are different from Americans’. Moreover, code-switching between Cantonese and English may not help them fathom best the message above. Some purist scholars consider Cantonese speakers who incorporate too much English are even dubbed language-handicapped (Flores, et al. , 1991, 245). And because the message was delivered through a virtual channel, the importance of nonverbal aspect of the communication is overlooked. This could have done the job of exhibiting the context most especially should the weight of the message comes to such portions as punch or sell you. The boss should have noted that communication is defined more by behavior than the communication event itself (Kale and Luke, 1991, 7). Nonverbal behaviors also shift from culture to culture and bilingualism may provide little help if the communicators had not developed code sensitivity toward the culture-specific message systems. With simplicity, neutrality and cordiality in mind, Hence, the message to be conveyed to the migrant employees should more or less look like this: â€Å"Good day! We welcome you once again to Will and Hung Company! May you find your new home over here in the United States as we are as earnest to make this company a place for you to work with satisfaction. † From this takes off a working atmosphere that encourages these new people to feed back in order for them to adjust their behavior to the relatively new environment. The boss must indeed shake their hands in person because it is indeed high time to use nonverbal actions as a way of inspiring them to respond to him in all honesty. He must think for a moment of all the positive attitudes and images he associates with smiling, head nodding, leaning forward, and laughing. ough these behaviors seem very Western, they often produce positive reactions in other cultures. Furthermore, interesting research findings suggest that communication changes encroach on how people relate to one another in organizations. Computer-mediated communications differ from face-to-face and telephone interactions in three important respects: there is a greater sense of anonymity; there is creation of new groups; and there is also susceptibility to computer addiction (Sullivan, 2003). Many executives become less social and less available for face-to-face conversations (Braun, 2002). Adjustment efforts must also manifest on the part of the host culture. Because much of the world speaks English, many of Americans have a tendency to assume we need not learn a foreign language. The very fact that others have made an attempt to learn our language should motivate us to reciprocate. There is more to language than vocabulary, syntax, and dialects. Language is more than a vehicle of communication; it teaches one a culture’s lifestyle, ways of thinking, and different patterns of interacting. References Braun, Patrice. (2002). â€Å"Digital Knowledge Networks: Linking Communities of Practice with Innovation.† Journal of Business Strategies. Flores, B. , Cousin, P. T. & Diaz, E. (1991). Transforming Deficit Myths About Learning, Language, And Culture. Language Arts (pp. 245-246). Littlejohn, Stephen W. (2001). â€Å"Theories of Signs and Language. † Theories of Human Communication (p. 39). Wadsworth Publishing. Kale, J. & Luke, A. (1991). Doing Things With Words: Early Language Socialization. The Literacy Agenda: Issues for the Nineties (p. 7). Victoria: Eleanor Curtain. Sullivan, Daniel. (2003). â€Å"International Business: An Emerging Vision. † Journal of International Business Studies.