The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 Dissertation

The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 - Dissertation Example In any case, researchers and specialists vary on their assessment on the job of online networking. Some have utilized terms, for example, Facebook unrest while others sabotage the significance of online networking stages and instruments. With the intend to assess the job of the web based life during the Egyptian Revolution, three destinations were set in Chapter I. all the three destinations have been accomplished. The web based life assumes a functioning job in political developments as it gives individuals a stage to address their interests, express their feelings, gives a road to broaden and get support. The legislature of any nation typically controls and screens the conventional media however when a similar technique is applied to the open circle, for example, long range informal communication destinations and blogosphere, individuals oppose and revolt to the degree it tends to be counter-gainful for the administrations. At the point when the President in Egypt forced web restri ction individuals took to boulevards. Web based life during the Egyptian upheaval 2011, assisted with stretching out solidarity and certainty to the persecuted. Resident columnists developed enrolling their dissent against the system. The effect of online life was so extreme during this upheaval that the president needed to at long last leave in 18 days from the day the dissent began. Web based life empowers activists and organizers to begin explicit pages in light of a legitimate concern for the individuals. The utilization of internet based life in governmental issues is still in the early stage yet it is broadly being utilized by the residents, proficient columnists, by the legislators and by facilitators of fights and social developments. Actually, even the predominant press has been utilizing cites from the internet based life in their articles. While the degree may not be extremely serious, at any rate it recommends the significance that the online networking has been picking up. The examination reasons that internet based life has assumed an exceptionally huge job in the Egyptian upset 2011. It not just started the development, it helped individuals at all stages, it helped in compelling correspondence and coordinated effort, it empowered a worldwide crowd to get data, and it additionally empowered security to individuals at serious risk. As recommended by certain creators, the job of internet based life in the Egyptian transformation isn't advertised; it has been of gigantic incentive in molding changes. It is an important instrument in creating hostile to government fights and in structuring aggregate activity. It is a troublesome power that can definitely achieve change and change. It can quicken social and political developments a long ways past what the customary media can do. The examination finished up by featuring impediments and making suggestions for additional exploration regarding the matter. List of chapters Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Backg round 1 1.2 Social Media and Politics 1 1.3 Rationale for Research 3 1.4 Research Aims and Objectives 4 1.5 Scope of the Study 5 1.6 Structure of the Study 5 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2. Meaning of Social Media 7 2.3 Social Networking Platforms 7 2.4 Benefits of Social Media 10 2.5 Social Media and Politics 11 2.6 Arab Countries and Egypt 12 2.7 Social Media in Egypt 12 2.8 Web Censorship in Arab nations 14 2.9 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Research Context 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Arab Spring 17 3.3 Egyptian Revolution 19 3.4 Summary 21 Chapter IV Research Methods 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 Research Methodology 23 4.3 Choice of Method 23 4.4 Data Collection Methods 25 4.5 Secondary Research 26 4.6 Data Analysis 27 4.7 Summary

International Journal Of Finance Accounting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The International Journal Of Finance Accounting? Answer: Presentation: The general report is predominantly directed to delineate the important capital structure of APN Outdoor gathering, which could help in recognizing the current monetary condition. Besides, the report likewise expounds on the WACC and money related proportions of the association, which could help in distinguishing important advanced improvements in the association. Assessment of the APNs capital structure: The general capital structure of the organization can be recognized from the assessment of WACC, which could legitimately help in distinguishing the base returns that should be directed by the association. As of now, the WACC of APO is recognized as 6.67%, where the association points in including an extra measure of value in 2016 which could legitimately change the present capital structure of the association (Investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com, 2017). In any case, the association at present utilized in diminishing its general expense of capital for accomplishing ideal capital structure that could help in improving its general productivity. By the by, from the assessment of the present structure of the association it could be recognized that significant reasoning of cost of capital must be accomplished by expanding the bit of obligation esteem. Besides, the examination additionally expresses that general profundity gathering of the association has a moderately declined in 2016, which was delineated in the monetary report. Besides, the organization in the earlier year for the most part decreases the enthusiasm bearing capital while expanding the value capital and its yearly report. Assessment of the money related proportions: From the assessment it tends to be seen that money related proportions of the organization would we be able to help and powerful its budgetary condition. The benefit proportion, for example, net overall revenue is chiefly at 14.66% in 2016, which is generally higher than 13.67% acquired in 2015. In addition, the present proportion is basically at 1.90 and has been steady since 2 years. Be that as it may, the fast proportion of the association has a generally expanded from 2015 to 2016 at the degrees of 1.78 (Investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com, 2017). In addition, intrigue inclusion proportion of the association is basically recorded at 25.96 while its drawn out obligation to add up to resources has been determined at 0.23.Only demonstrates that the general money related soundness of the association as a moderately improved throughout the years. Besides, the assessment of intrigue inclusion proportion demonstrates that the association can get more obligation and modify the general expense of capital as per its needs. Assessment of contenders execution: There are various sorts of contenders for APN Group Among which is the Ooh Media and can be distinguished as one of the dynamic contenders. Nonetheless, Ooh media legitimately utilizes show blend of both value and obligation for financing its general exercises, which could help in diminishing its indebtedness condition. For the home, the examination of capital structure of the contender Ooh Media and APN gathering would for the most part help in recognizing the applicable tendency that is utilized by APN Group. From the assessment it doesn't appear that the contenders capital structure is being trailed by APN Group, as the association chiefly centers around value instead of obligation (Investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com, 2017). The assessment of the monetary report demonstrates that the advance commitments of the association have declined from 2015 to 2016 showing, reliance on value capital. By the by, the point of APN Group is chiefly create important venture assets and increment the general returns for their investors. Delineating the Capital structure of APN: At present the general capital structure of APN Group is for the most part distinguished to be a blend of obligation and value, which has legitimately permitted the association to back its general exercises. The WACC of the association is straightforwardly affected with the general financing choice that is directed by the administration. Besides, any sort of changes any administration choices legitimately think about WACC of the association. Likewise, it is additionally observed that any sort of augmentation in the general weighted expense of capital and market estimation of the association. Significant addition in the market esteem straightforwardly builds share cost and create applicable funding to help its future actives (Investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com, 2017). In any case, the decrease in cost of capital must be directed with the assistance of less expensive finances that is utilized by association to lead their exercises. The general ease of capital could help in lessening important subsidizing of new ventures, which could help in decreasing financing cost of the undertaking (Bodie, 2013). In addition, the applicable decrease in cost of capital must be gotten by gaining low intrigue obligation and lessening the presentation of value capital. The new low premium obligation that can be gathered from bonds, bank advance, and other credit financing that could help in expanding obligation of the association. End: The report numerous states that the general capital structure of APN is a moderately sufficient, as both value and debentures are been utilized for financing the organization's activity. The assessment of the general income and profit of the association for the most part delineated its monetary wellbeing, which is moderately sufficient to help its future activity. Moreover, the organization has been giving palatable returns, which could assist its investor with getting the pertinent profit. References Bodie, Z. (2013).Investments. McGraw-Hill. Buchman, T. A., Harris, P., Liu, M. (2016). GAAP versus IFRS Treatment of Leases and the Impact on Financial Ratios. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., Uyar, A. (2013). Estimating firm execution utilizing money related proportions: A choice tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3970-3983. Giordani, P., Jacobson, T., von Schedvin, E., Villani, M. (2014). Considering the turns: Predicting firm chapter 11 hazard with splines of money related ratios.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,49(4), 1071-1099. Investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com. (2017).APN Outdoor | Investor Center. [online] Available at: https://investors.apnoutdoorcorporate.com/Investor-Center/?page=Annual-Reports [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Laitinen, E. K., Lukason, O., Suvas, A. (2014). Conduct of monetary proportions in firm disappointment process: a global comparison.International diary of fund and accounting,3(2), 122-131. Nezlobin, A., Rajan, M. V., Reichelstein, S. (2014).Capital Investments and Financial Ratios(No. 3052). Schnbohm, A. (2013).Performance estimation and the executives with monetary proportions: the BASF SE case(No. 72). Working Papers of the Institute of Management Berlin at the Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR Berlin).

Engineering Psychology Job Overview

Engineering Psychology Job Overview Student Resources Careers Print Engineering Psychology Career Overview By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 09, 2020 Kohei Hara / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips In This Article Table of Contents Expand Origins Overview Training & Education Salary Job Outlook View All Back To Top Engineering psychology is an applied subfield that focuses on improving and adapting technology, equipment, and work environments to enhance human behavior and capabilities. It is highly related to the field of ergonomics, which is the science of arranging and designing things so that people can use them safely and efficiently. Engineering psychologists are interested in understanding the capabilities and limitations of human behavior and developing and adjusting systems to maximize these abilities and prevent errors. They often help design products, workspaces, and human-machine interactions to make them more user-friendly. Origins The field originated as an area within experimental psychology that grew increasingly important during World Wars I and II. Early military applications of this field focused on building weapons designed to minimize human errors and increase accuracy. Today, the field is growing significantly as people spend more and more time interacting and utilizing technology and equipment in their daily and work lives. How to Become an Experimental Psychologist Overview Engineering psychologists utilize psychological principles to solve real-world problems. People who work in this profession are able to help improve, and sometimes even save, human lives. By minimizing the risks of accidents and errors, engineering psychologists can make products, systems, and workplaces safer. These professionals can specialize in a number of different areas such as: Human-computer interactionAerospaceUsabilityHuman performanceEducation and trainingVirtual realityHealthcare systems and technologyProduct designWorkplace safetyEnvironmental safetyEgonomics Engineering psychologists are able to make the technology we use every day more reliable, useful, and safe. Some examples of products that they might work to design or improve include GPS systems, mobile phones, medical equipment, military equipment, aviation technology, traffic systems, and motor vehicles. Tasks Some tasks that an engineering psychologist might perform in this line of work include: Analyzing how people interact and use equipment and technologyExploring ways to make technology more accessible to people with disabilitiesExplaining workplace accidents and searching for ways to prevent accidents from happening again in the futureImplementing user feedback into future iterations of product designsSurveying populations to learn more about user needs or to discover which products appeal to specific demographicsCreating safe products and designs intended to minimize human errorsDesigning medical equipment to minimize the risks of medical mistakes Where They Work Engineering psychologists are employed in a range of different areas. The private sector, such as businesses and corporations, is the largest area of employment. Other employers might include colleges, universities and government agencies. Training and Educational Requirements The training and education needed to become an engineering psychologist can vary depending upon the specialty area in which you choose to work. Just a few of the main specialty areas include human factors, ergonomics, usability engineering, and human-computer interaction. A masters degree in a related field is generally considered the minimum needed for entry into the field, although opportunities and pay are often much higher for those with doctorate degrees. A number of universities offer graduate programs specifically in engineering psychology. Such programs include coursework in areas such as cognition, engineering, perception, statistics, research methods, and learning. Those who work in the field typically earn a Ph.D. in psychology with an emphasis in engineering psychology, a Ph.D. in engineering psychology, or a Ph.D. in human factors psychology. Salary Like most careers, salaries vary considerably depending upon factors such as the degree held, years of experience, and the area of employment. Starting salaries range between $48,000 and $75,367. At the doctorate-level, salaries range between $92,000 and $111,000. Doctoral-level engineering psychologists employed as private consultants report the highest earnings, with an average of $179,160 per year. The most recently available salary report by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) reported the following average yearly salaries for doctoral-level engineering psychologists: Those working in the for-profit private sector: $111,368Those employed by government agencies: $107,314Those working in academic settings: $92,614 For masters level engineering psychologists, the HFES reported the following average annual salaries: Those employed in business settings: $90,164Those working in government settings: $90,500Those employed by colleges or universities: $75,150 The Highest Paying Psychology Careers Job Outlook Since the majority of engineering psychologists are employed in the private sector, the performance and growth rate of companies has a strong influence on job growth and demand in this field. As corporations become increasingly aware of the valuable role that engineering psychologists can play in the design and development process, the demand for qualified professionals continues to grow. The American Psychological Association identifies engineering psychology as a post-grad growth area??. The APA suggests that this is a rapidly growing area with a lot of potential opportunities to study and work with the interaction between humans, tasks, machines, and environments.

Symbolism The Epic Of Gilgamesh, And The Odyssey

When it comes to texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew Bible, and The Odyssey, symbolism plays a major role in understanding a piece of literature’s true intentions. This would explain the abundance of distinct character features, exaggerated scenarios, and countless approaches to new, bigger problems in these tales. But one of the most favored approaches to symbolism and interpretations seems to be through the way of dreams. Due to their unpredictable nature, dreams allow authors to take complete, creative control over what to convey. Consequently, dreams are prominent in regards to explanations and insights. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh suffers through several nightmares in which Enkidu insists are nothing bad. Later, Enkidu also succumbs to terrible nightmares after falling ill. He dreams about the underworld and its appalling, evil essence. This, in turn, makes Gilgamesh uneasy and actually provokes him to obtain immortality in the first place. On the oth er hand, in the Hebrew Bible, Jacob - grandson of Abraham and son of Isaac and Rebecca - dreams that the Lord’s messengers were ascending and descending a stairway between Heaven and Earth. In this dream, the Lord approaches Jacob and tells him that the land in which he is standing will be his and his offspring’s. After being told that the Lord will be with him as he travels back home, Jacob woke up and named the land in which he slept Bethel. Jacob vowed to acknowledge the Lord as his own God as longShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1487 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary pieces. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, water is used as a symbol that represents complex ideas, and it plays a significant role throughout both literary pieces. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, water is mainly used to symbolize life and death as well as rebirth or baptism. In several of Gilgamesh’s dreams water is used as a symbol that represents life. An example of this is when Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey into the forest to kill Humbaba. In one dream Gilgamesh dreams that Enkidu andRead MoreThe Symbolism of Water1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Symbolism of Water Many works of literature use symbols to represent abstract ideas. One symbol that is commonly used is water. Water is a viable symbol because it is versatile. It can be used to represent many different ideals because water in itself is ever changing. Water is used in many works to represent such ideals as death, life, love, betrayal, purity, holiness, and so on. Giglamesh, the Old Testament, Egyptian Poetry, and The Odyssey all have symbolized water to represent an ideaRead MoreCharles Baudelaire And Victor Hugo976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe loss of some entity. The modern era had the freedom to elaborate the same escape through speculative fiction and other genres, accompanied by the two massive world mars, literature changed drastically in various fields. In poetry and drama, symbolism came out to be the literal tool of diplomatic announcement of the problems that surrounded the masses. After the world wars, literature had become a very powerful tool of exclaiming emotional relevance and many attributes of life to the whole worldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Lien 2038 Words   |  9 Pagesvillage’s name: â€Å"Lien.† This word is Vietnamese for â€Å"lotus,† which is a water flower similar to a water lily. This refers to the country of the Lotus-Eaters, which was a stop the hero Odysseus made along his journey back to his homeland in the epic poem, The Odyssey. In the original story, Odysseus’s voyage is hindered when he stops in the country of the Lotus-Eaters and some of his crewmen are nearly trapped, for â€Å"any of them who ate the honey-sweet fruit of the lotus was unwilling to take any messageRead MoreLet Majorship English4572 Words   |  19 Pagesfeeling is expressed in this line â€Å"My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky†? A. Surprise C. Fear B. Happiness D. Anger 3. What is Chekhov’s most recognizable achievement in his short stories? A. His cryptic use of symbolism B. His attention to the inner lives of his characters C. His references to biblical scriptures D. His use of allegory 4. In the Iliad, whose death brought Achilles much sorrow and grief? A. Patroclus C. Nestor B. Thesthor

The Vietnam War On South Vietnam - 1496 Words

The Vietnam War started on the first day of November in 1955. The main opponents were the United States and South Vietnam against North Vietnam and the Vietcong. The Americans wanted to contain communism in fear of it spreading to other countries while the North Vietnamese wanted to unite both parts of Vietnam. At first, the Americans only trained South Vietnamese troops to do all of the fighting while the North Vietnamese employed the Vietcong to help their military take over South Vietnam. Despite having a successful military campaign, the United States lost the Vietnam War politically. According to Young (1995), the American anti-war movement helped cause the United States to lose the Vietnam War. Young (1995) also supports this by stating that â€Å"America lost because of its democracy.† A main reason behind the war’s unpopularity is that it was the first uncensored war and was covered by the media. At first the American public was split over the war, but eventuall y shifted to disapproval. The media showed violent images and the use of napalm which was not liked at all. The Pentagon Papers were also used by the media to prove that the government was lying to the public about the war. Trust in the government decreased even more when Nixon resigned due to the Watergate Scandal and according to Young (1995), Nixon’s resignation assured the North Vietnamese that they would win the Vietnam War. Another cause of the American anti-war movement was that it took much longer thanShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Was An Expensive And Fatal Conflict Between The North And South Vietnam1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was an expensive and fatal conflict between the North and South Vietnam regions. The communist government from the north and their southern allies, the Viet Cong, were heavily against South Vietnam and their benevolent allies, the United States. The main purpose of the Vietnam War was to reassemble the country of Vietnam under the rule of communism. From the perspective of the Viet Cong, the conflict against the South and United States seemed as a colonial strife. During this timeRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, And South Africa853 Words   |  4 PagesWho knew how powerful the 1960’s would be? You had the civil rights movement, Woodstock, Vietnam War, and an explosion in rock and roll, as well as soul? Exactly, and that’s just in America. In Africa, countries were gaining freedom and independence. By 1980 the British, French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch were being conquered and most of Africa had claimed independence as countries, all the while apartheid was still going on. Even with the riots between warring states, weren’t enoughRead MoreU.s. Military And Political Relations With Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrelations with Vietnam today help think about why the U.S supported South Vietnam and participated in the Vietnam War and how the relationship turned into the way it is today. The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955 and lasted until April 30, 1975. This war involved many significant leaders such as Richard Nixon, Lyndon B Johnson, John F Kennedy, Ho Chi Minh and many others. North Vietnam leaders had a great impact on the war by organizing many guerrillas and offensives while the South Vietnam leadersRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked withRead MoreGeorge HerringS Article The Legacy Of Vietnam Talks1669 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Herring s article The legacy of Vietnam talks about the military clash between the communist North Vietnam, backed by its allies and the government of South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other countries that are anti-communist that happened in Vietnam during Richard Nixon s presidency. The Vietnam War was a terrible war, especially for Vietnamese because a millions of them died during the war. The author not just describes the war itself; he also analyzes the killing and theRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Significant Moment For Canada921 Words   |  4 Pages The Vietnam War was a historically significant moment for Canada which followed the First and Second Wo rld War. This was due to Canada’s large involvement in helping the South of Vietnam in their war efforts. Canada plays a large roll in this war costs and their manufacturing for war materials. One must first know how the war began before understanding how Canada contributed. Although the start of the Vietnam War had nothing to do with Canada, later events in the war were related to CanadaRead More Vietnamization (real Version) Essay979 Words   |  4 Pages Vietnam Controversy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It’s January 27th, 1973 and the Vietnam War is over. Peace agreements were signed in Paris by the South Vietnam Communist forces, North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the United States. The meeting lasted for several hours and in that time they agreed on many objectives, including: that U.S. troops would gradually withdraw from Vietnam and all prisoners of war would be released, South Vietnam had the right to choose their own future (whether or notRead MoreThe Battle Of Dien Bien Phu1256 Words   |  6 PagesBien Phu To Vietnam War â€Å"It will be a war between an elephant and a tiger. If the tiger stand still, the elephant will crush him. But the tiger will never stand still. It will leap upon the elephant’s back, ripping out huge chunks of flesh and then will disappear back again into the dark jungle and slowly the elephant will blead to death† (PeriscopeFilm, 1962). After World War II, the world experiences one of the longest wars that have ever occurred in the twentieth century, Vietnam War which lastedRead MoreThe American Role During The Vietnam War Still Sparks Much Debate Today1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Vietnam War still sparks much debate today. There is a sharp focus on the Americans role in the Vietnam War because of the tragic end for the South Vietnamese. The United States faced much criticism world wide through literature during the war that continued after the war ended in 1975. The American governments reasoning for getting involved was to prevent the spread of communism in South Vietnam and to essentially prevent the domino effect. South Vietnam had no hope of winning a civil war againstRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows h ow rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. Japan

Aesthetics and cultural theory Free Essays

Introduction Subjectivity is the starting point of Hegel’s statement. His lectures on aesthetics give the significance of art within his philosophy while the German period of romanticism is being explained and critiqued. Recent theorists such as Theodor Adorno, Paul Guyer and Arthur Danto based their views on aesthetics from Hegel’s outlook on art. We will write a custom essay sample on Aesthetics and cultural theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now All support that Hegelian idealism was introduced with a poor consequence of personal subjectivity. The idealistic philosophers argued that only our conscience has real status and that the physical world is only a product of consciousness. The idealism (or utopianism) is closely linked to the religion either directly or indirectly and all philosophies based on this term are supporting the existence of a superior power that can not be interlinked with human’s capability. The most effective way of understanding the whole concept of idealism is to study directly the forefather of all theorists. Plato in his book, ‘The Republic’, gives an allegory (the ‘cave’) to represent idealism in it’s simpler form. He describes men sitting in a dark cave who are chained in such a way that they can look in only one direction. Few meters behind them, light comes out of a fire which casts their shadows towards a wall they cannot see. Plato asks us to imagine those men in that specific position for their entire life. Having no experience of anything else, these men understand what they have experienced before reality is being represented to them. The philosopher continues with his metaphor and asks us to visualise that those prisoners got unchained and faced the existence of the fire and the shadows. They begin to have a sense of the environment they lived in. The allegory ends, with Plato explaining that those men in the cave are us. As a consequence, we experience the world with our only five senses, but as a matter of fact ‘our world’ is made with images and three-dimensional shadows. He claims that our mind has absoluteness perfection (‘absolute mind’). As we look into sun and turn away for protecting our eyes, thats how we turn back into the cave, in our safe place of sense perception. Now, modern idealism puts forward a cognitive human activity and attributes to a self-determined reality, such as the ‘absolute truth’ and creativity. Two German recent idealism theorists, J. G. Fichte and Friedrich von Schelling, which came to a climax in an absolute idealism of Hegel, started giving their explanation with a refutation of the uncertain thing-in-itself. However, Hegel formulated a complete structure of thought about art and the world. Most importantly, he hold up that reality should be logical, so that it’s eventual framework will be shown by our own thoughts. He did not think that symbolic, so by extension, conceptual art, has the ability to surpass the high nature of classical Greek art and its representational/imitative abilities. This is because, as he explains, since symbolisms, depend on the knowledge of man of the earth and society, and because, we can never know everything about the human psyche, trying to represent it with symbolisms, is just not enough. Hence, imitative art, which is what classical Greek sculptures, are of a much higher regard to Hegel, than symbolic art. He describes it as ‘the sensuous presentation of ideas’. It is in the communication of ideas excluding the connection between our reason and our sensory faculty and is distinctive successful. Modern aesthetic theorists turn first and f oremost to Kant, an 18th century German philosopher, and the historical convention of German romanticism to utilize the role of ‘pessimistic’ art. Hegelian view comes to support that art does more than sabotage the non?aesthetic. Thus, modern art can preferable take in contemporary artistic practices. Both theorists connect that art is superior to the external world, both opposed to appetite and enjoyment. Hegel gives his philosophy on art that is, as a whole, his main philosophical system. For us, to comprehend his philosophy of art we must understand his philosophy as a whole. Similar with Aristotle’s way of thinking, Hegel believes that the investigation of logic could lead to a key system of reality. Thus, logic is being characterised as dialectical. Poetry for Hegel seem not to have something physical as a sculpture. In that way, music according to him is the least spiritual form of art. On the other hand, Kant stated as an important matter that a generic explanation of the world could lead to an opposite observation. But Hegel explained that those two notions could be integrated by a move to a different way of thinking. Consequently, our mind moves from thesis, to antithesis, to synthesis[4]. This could be seen in history, nature and cultural progress. All the thinking consists by the idea (thesis), which antithesis is nature, while combining (synthesis) the two it forms t he spirit. This could also be named as the ‘absolute’ itself and is examined in more detail in Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ as a transformation from subjective to objective to the absolute spirit. He is examining the organised structures in humanity giving absolute freedom and self determination to be essential. Those vitals principles include the practice of right, having a family and being part of a civil society (state). The most developed and sufficient perception of spirit is achieved by philosophy. It provides a conceptual understanding of the nature of reason while it describes why reason must take the form of time, space, life, matter and self-conscious spirit. In Christianity, however, the procedure which the ‘idea’ or ‘reason’ turns into self-conscious spirit is symbolised with metaphors and images as the procedure where God turns into spirit lies within humans. This is the process we place our belief and faith rather our notion of understanding. Hegel supports that humans cannot live with just the hypothesis of things but also need to trust the truth. He asserts that ‘is in religion that a nation defines what is considers to be trueà ¢â‚¬â„¢. According to Hegel, art is different from religion or philosophy and it’s purpose is the formation of beautiful objects in which aesthetically pleasing indication is coming through. Therefore, the main target of art is not impersonate nature but to give us the opportunity to look at images being made by non-materialistic freedom. In other words, art exists not just for the purpose of having ‘art’ but for beauty. This union of freedom and beauty from Hegel shows his obligation to two other theorists, Schiller and Kant. Kant goes further to analyse that our understanding of beauty is a form of freedom. He explains, by judging an object or a piece of art as beautiful, we are discernmenting about a thing. By this we are declaring that the ‘thing’ or object has an effect on us, thus everyone will have the same effect. This results to a comprehension and vision in ‘free play’ with each other, and it is this delight that comes from the ‘free play’ that guides us to our judgment if something is nice or not. Schiller comes in contrast with Kant which explains beauty as a belonging of the object itself. He stress that freedom is independent from our mind (Kant describes as ‘noumena’). ‘Freedom in appearance, autonomy in appearance [†¦] that the object appears as free, not that it really is so’’ However, in Hegel’s view on beauty, is being described as the complete manifestation of freedom. It can be seen or sound like a sensory expression. Hegel moves a step further to explain that beauty can be created by nature but as he calls a ‘sensuous’ beauty’ it can only be found through art which can be produced by people. For him, beauty has symmetrical qualities. It has elements that are not organised in a framework but are joined organically. We were told, as he explains, that the Greek outline is beautiful, because the nose is flawless under the forehead while the Roman human profile has more sharper angles between them. Nevertheless, beauty’s importance is not only the shape but also the content. Modern art-theorists disagree with Hegel’s theory of beauty and art. They claim that art can include any content. This content is described in religion as God, then a beautiful art could be seen as angelic. Nonetheless, Hegel insists that Godly art is through a humankind form as freedom. He understands that piece of art could consists of nature such as plants or animals but he thinks that art is responsible to show the angelic form, as mentioned before. Only a human can represent reason and spirit through colors and sounds. Art, in Hegel’s eyes, is metaphorical. Not because it always comes to copy what is in nature, but the main motivation of art is to communicate and represent what he explained as a ‘free spirit’. It can mostly be attained throughout humans and images. Particular, art exist to remind our mind that us, as human beings, have freedom and try not to forget the truth within ourselves. It is the only way the ‘freedom of spirit’ could be seen in it’s simplest form. The contradiction with art is that it links truth all through romanticised images made by someone. As mentioned before, according to Hegel, this spirit and beauty could be found through ancient Greek sculptures (Aeschylus, Praxiteles, Phidias and Sophocles). The German philosopher explains that are a lot of things we can be named as ‘art’, such as the Greek sculptures mentioned before, Shakespearian plays, but not everything is entitled to be called like that. This is because not everything represent what ‘true’ art really is. He sets some standards that a piece of work has to meet in order to be beautiful art. References BBC magazine, A Point of View: Why are museums so uninspiring(London, BBC, 2011) [accessed 11 mar 2011] Hegel G. W. F., Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, (Oxford: University Press, 1977) Hegel G. W. F., Hegel’s Aesthetics: Lectures on fine art, Know, vol.1 (Oxford: University Press, 2010) Hegel G. W. F., Hegel: Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: Volume II: Determinate Religion: Determinate Religion v. 2 (Oxford: University Press, 2007) Immanuel Kant, ‘Kant: Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason: And Other Writings’ (Cambridge, University Press, 2004) Jason M, Miller, ‘Research Proposal’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Notre Dame, 2004), p.2 Robin, Waterfield, ‘Plato’s Republic’ (Oxford: University Press, 2008) Stephen, Houlgate, ‘Hegel’s aesthetics’, (The Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, 2009) [accessed 15 Mar 2011] Schiller, Friedrich, ‘Kallias or Concerning Beauty: Letters to Gottfried Korner†, in Classical and Romantic German Aesthetics’, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) How to cite Aesthetics and cultural theory, Essay examples

Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 Essay Example

Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 Essay Adriana Calderon April 28, 2011 Ethnic Study 1 Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 The new US Government was careful not to antagonize the Indians and sought to treat them with mutual respect. This is evidenced in early treaties where the term â€Å"Red Brothers† was used to convey this sentiment of equality. By 1800 interaction between the Indian and white settlers had become quite common through trade. Many Indians traded for household goods, traps and tools. The US became concerned about the cultural differences and sought to improve the Indian station in life by providing education. The United States no longer feared the Indian but rather took a paternal position toward the Indians and the treaty language reflected this when the Indian was referred to as â€Å"Our Red Children. † The US Constitution via Article I section gives the Federal Government dominant power over states in policy making; the congress shall have the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. The Constitution further enumerates these powers denied to the states in Article I section x. The state of Georgia challenged the federal government’s power over states rights, a precursor to the Civil War, when it challenged the trust relationship and the autonomy of the Cherokee. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in three decisions (Marshall Trilogy) upheld the United States’ federal power, defined the responsibility of the doctrine of federal trust, and clarified the sovereignty of Indian nations: Johnson v McIntosh 1823, Cherokee v Georgia 1831, Worcester v Georgia 1832. The new government wanted to keep peace with the Indians and used trade as its device. We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Native America Federal Policies from the 1800s to 2000 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was hoped that the interaction between the white settlers and Indians would create a dependence of the Indian for white goods and soothe the tensions of the white settlers through familiarity via social interaction. President George Washington proposed government regulated and operated trading houses. The Government Trading Act of April 18, 1796 was established for carrying on a liberal trade with the several Indian nations, within the limits of the United States. This act restricted trade exclusively through government agents; anyone else was subject to fines. It as hoped independent and illegal trade with the Indians would be unprofitable and a deterrent to independent and foreign white traders as the Government Trading Houses were very competitive. The new government placed Indian affairs under the jurisdiction of the War Department. In this way the government could police, protect, and regulate trade and commerce with the Indian tribes. The treaties, doctrines, and Congression al acts affected the lives of Indian tribes within the limits of the United States. Many of the Cherokee in Georgia assimilated to the white man’s way of life. Chief William McIntosh, an extreme example, was a slave holding plantation owner who lived in a two story Federalist style mansion. The trading houses allowed many Indians such as the Cherokee and Seminole Creek to acquire such things as colorful cloth that was permanently incorporated into their dress. Household cooking utensils, hunting rifles, along with the technology for logging and agriculture was attractive to many Indians and they soon settled into log cabins and communities that mirrored many white settlements. Other Indians preferred to remain hunters and gathers and fur trade became their means of barter. The new country was difficult to police and fraud prospered. Both government and non-government trading houses started the illegal trade in liquor. The interaction between the white man and Indian introduced new words and technologies into each other’s culture. The white man absorbed the snowshoe, canoe, tobacco, and corn whereas the Indian absorbed the rifle, the kettle, and many household items into their culture. Some Indians adopted Christianity. The Civilization Fund Act (March 3, 1819) was enacted when The United States government became increasingly concerned with the education of the Indian tribes in contact with white settlements and encourage activities of benevolent societies in providing schools for the Indians and authorized an annual ‘civilization fund’ to stimulate and promote this work. With many Indians assimilating into the white culture a change in white attitude toward the Indian heralded a new era of Indian relations. As a result of the War of 1812 the government trading houses suffered economically and private trading interests succeeded in bringing about the abolition of this institution via an act of Congress May 6, 1822. Trade by unscrupulous individuals flourished though the US Government enacted several regulation measures. Pressure of immigrants wanting to settle on Indian land increased and Indian tribes sought resolution on title and real estate issues with the Supreme Court based on their status as a foreign nation. The Marshall Trilogy Decisions clarified the status of the Indian nations in respect to the United States. With increased litigation and policy in Indian affairs Secretary of War John C Calhoun created the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the War Department March 11, 1824. The issue of Indian Removal increased as Georgia pressed the federal government to hold to its promise of April 24, 1802, in which the United States had agreed to extinguish the Indian land titles in the state as soon as it could be done peaceably and on reasonable terms in exchange for the state’s western land claims. President James Monroe believed that the land belonged to the Indians by binding treaties. He personally did not agree with Georgia’s claim but did propose a voluntary removal policy as the best solution in a letter to Congress January 27, 1825. The issue did not go away; the rich farm lands of the Cherokee and gold in the Georgia hills fueled the removal movement. President Andrew Jackson, an infamous Indian fighter, in his First Annual Address to Congress in December of 1829 let it be known that he was firmly committed to the removal of the eastern tribes to a region west of the Mississippi River. On May 28, 1830 The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress after months of bitter debate not only in Congress but in the press. This act did not authorize enforced removal of any Indians, but merely gave the President power to initiate land exchanges with Indian nations residing within the states or territories. However the Indians chose not to move and force was necessary. The Cherokee population numbered in the thousands and a gradual removal was planned; but when gold was discovered on Cherokee land the removal was hastened. During the autumn and winter of 1838 the last of the eastern tribes were rounded up and detained in concentration camps before being forced marched west. This March which took the life of one in four Indians is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Trail of Tears. † During this period the United States was engaged in a civil war that tested the Union. Its military might was improved and after the civil war the government used this might to control the increased Indian hostilities in the West. Manifest Destiny seemed confirmed as a basic truth and the fate of the Plains Indians was secured with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railway May 10, 1869 in Promontory Point, Utah. The removal and relocation had tremendous consequences for many of the eastern tribes. The Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creeks were removed to Oklahoma along with numerous other tribes. Their physical and ecological environment was different. The land was unfamiliar and they were forced to live with other tribes that could not speak their language or understand their customs and traditions; some of these were natural enemies. Hunters and gathers had to become farmers. They were often short-changed by the unscrupulous traders increasing their dependence on the United States Government for subsistence. These tribes lost their autonomy as the Bureau of Indian Affairs replaced their council governments. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was more concerned with the assimilation of Indians and less interested in preserving the traditional way of life of Indians. Boarding schools were built to educate the children in the white dominant culture. Traditions and knowledge of the homeland and culture were kept alive by elders secretly. Many of the removed eastern tribes adopted Christianity through forced acculturation via the education of the children. The Plains Indians were forced to submit to reservation life as the buffalo, their means of subsistence, was eradicated largely in part by the railroad industry. By 1870 much of what is referred to now as the Continental Forty-Eight was dominated by the white man. The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Apache tribes would continue to struggle for another twenty years but the railroad and the loss of the buffalo marked the end of the second period. Next was the beginning of a third period of Native American relations with the United States Government, one of forced assimilation. This period began with the end of the more infamous Indian wars and the capture, surrender, or death of such notable personalities: Cochise and Geronimo of the Apaches, Little Wolf and Dull Knife of the Northern Cheyenne, and Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Sitting Bull and Black Elk of the Sioux. Nothing incensed the American attitude toward the Native Indian as the defeat (massacre) of General George Custer and his troops at Little Bighorn Creek. The United States Army, thirsting for revenge, the country north and west of the Black Hills, killing Indians wherever they could be found, Though Indian military resistance had be contained, the massacre of 230 Sioux at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation Dec. 28, 1890 marked the end of Indian independence. The US quit making treaties with Indians because it was viewed as an impediment to the assimilation of Indians. Because of humanitarian attacks upon the treaty system and the objections of the House of Representatives to the concentration of authority for dealing with the Indians in the hands of the Senate through its treaty-making power, Congress in 1871, in an obscure rider to the Indian appropriation bill, outlawed further treaty making with Indian tribes. Shortly thereafter the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Francis A. Walker, assigned Indian agencies to religious societies primarily to advance the moral and religious character of the Indians in November 1872. By doing so the US government was removed as the initial contact. The political nomination to the office of agent was removed and placed in the hands to those interested only in good will. In essence Indian tribes had no forum of direct interaction with the US Government. The Dawes Act of 1887 reflected the forced assimilation views of those who would reform Indian Policy. This act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved themselves like good white settlers, they would get full title to their holdings, as well as citizenship in twenty-five years. Congress via the Indian citizenship Act, June 2, 1924 granted citizenship to all Indians born within the United States who were not yet citizens. Since war, disease, and starvation reduced Indian populations, the excess reservation land that was not allotted was reacquired by the US Government and sold to railroads and white settlers. The federal government allocated the proceeds from the sale of these lands to be used to educate and civilize the native people. This period of assimilation and allotment affected the lives of Native Americans more than any other period. The violent conflicts between the Indian tribes and the US military reduced tribal populations. The termination of treaties reduced tribal status to something less than nation status. By not having treaty making power tribes lost effective negotiation power with the US Government. The Dawes Act served to destroy both the reservation system and tribal organization. The Dawes Act tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians by making them farmers. The Dawes Act removed nearly fifty percent of Native American land from Indian tribes and accelerated the already rapid loss of traditional Indian culture. The religious controlled agencies were instrumental in separating the children from their tribes, teaching these children English and indoctrinating them with white values and customs. For the next fifty years The Dawes Act served as the government’s official Indian policy.